1. Kassi E, Pervanidou P, Kaltsas G, Chrousos G. Metabolic syndrome: definitions and controversies. BMC Med. 2011;9(1):1-13.
2. Parikh RM, Mohan V. Changing definitions of metabolic syndrome. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16(1):7.
3. Sliem HA, Ahmed S, Nemr N, El-Sherif I. Metabolic syndrome in the Middle East. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16(1):67.
4. Al-Azzawi OF. Metabolic syndrome; comparing the results of three definition criteria in an Iraqi sample. AL-Kindy College Medical Journal. 2018;14(2):7-12.
5. Saleh AA, Hayawi AH, Al-Samarrai AY, Lafta RK. Metabolic syndrome among obese adults in Baghdad, Iraq. Saudi J Obesity. 2017;5(1):8.
6. Maggio M, Ceda GP, Lauretani F, Bandinelli S, Metter EJ, Artoni A, et al. Estradiol and inflammatory markers in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(2):518-22.
7. Goodpaster BH, Krishnaswami S, Harris TB, Katsiaras A, Kritchevsky SB, Simonsick EM, et al. Obesity, regional body fat distribution, and the metabolic syndrome in older men and women. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(7):777-83.
8. Kupelian V, Page ST, Araujo AB, Travison TG, Bremner WJ, McKinlay JB. Low sex hormone-binding globulin, total testosterone, and symptomatic androgen deficiency are associated with development of the metabolic syndrome in nonobese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(3):843-50.
9. Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the international diabetes federation task force on epidemiology and prevention; national heart, lung, and blood institute; American heart association; world heart federation; international atherosclerosis society; and international association for the study of obesity. Circulation. 2009;120(16):1640-5.
10. Bekaert M, Van Nieuwenhove Y, Calders P, Cuvelier CA, Batens A-H, Kaufman J-M, et al. Determinants of testosterone levels in human male obesity. Endocrine. 2015;50(1):202-11.
11. Hevener AL, Clegg DJ, Mauvais-Jarvis F. Impaired estrogen receptor action in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2015;418:306-21.
12. Alajeely MHJ, Abdulkareem DT, Ghazzay HI, Jasim E. Association between serum testosterone-estradiol ratio and body mass index in obese iraqi men. Ann Trop Med Public Health. 2020;23:23-1028.
13. Kusuma R, Siregar Y, editors. Estradiol to testosterone ratio in metabolic syndrome men aged started 40 years above. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science; 2018: IOP Publishing.
14. Antonio L, Wu FC, O'Neill TW, Pye SR, Carter EL, Finn JD, et al. Associations between sex steroids and the development of metabolic syndrome: a longitudinal study in European men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(4):1396-404.
15. Bhasin S, Jasjua GK, Pencina M, D’Agostino R, Coviello AD, Vasan RS, et al. Sex hormone–binding globulin, but not testosterone, is associated prospectively and independently with incident metabolic syndrome in men: the Framingham heart study. Diabetes care. 2011;34(11):2464-70.
16. Haring R, Völzke H, Spielhagen C, Nauck M, Wallaschofski H. The role of sex hormone-binding globulin and testosterone in the risk of incident metabolic syndrome. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2013;20(6):1061-8.
17. Li C, Ford ES, Li B, Giles WH, Liu S. Association of testosterone and sex hormone–binding globulin with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in men. Diabetes care. 2010;33(7):1618-24.
18. Muraleedharan V, Jones TH. Testosterone and the metabolic syndrome. Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2010;1(5):207-23.
19. Ross R, Neeland IJ, Yamashita S, Shai I, Seidell J, Magni P, et al. Waist circumference as a vital sign in clinical practice: a Consensus Statement from the IAS and ICCR Working Group on Visceral Obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2020;16(3):177-89.

20. Kurotani K, Miyamoto T, Kochi T, Eguchi M, Imai T, Nishihara A, et al. Metabolic syndrome components and diabetes incidence according to the presence or absence of impaired fasting glucose: The Japan Epidemiology Collaboration on Occupational Health Study. J Epidemiol. 2017;27(9):408-12.
21. Zidek W, Naditch-Brûlé L, Perlini S, Farsang C, Kjeldsen SE. Blood pressure control and components of the metabolic syndrome: the GOOD survey. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2009;8(1):1-9.
22. Tao L-X, Yang K, Liu X-T, Cao K, Zhu H-P, Luo Y-X, et al. Longitudinal associations between triglycerides and metabolic syndrome components in a Beijing adult population, 2007-2012. Int J Med Sci. 2016;13(6):445.
23. Mani P, Ren H-Y, Neeland IJ, McGuire DK, Ayers CR, Khera A, et al. The association between HDL particle concentration and incident metabolic syndrome in the multi-ethnic Dallas Heart Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2017;11(1):S175-S9.
24. Rohrmann S, Shiels MS, Lopez DS, Rifai N, Nelson WG, Kanarek N, et al. Body fatness and sex steroid hormone concentrations in US men: results from NHANES III. Cancer Causes & Control. 2011;22(8):1141-51.
25. Miranda EP, Oliveira C, Carvalho E, Rabelo A, Xavier A, Tiraboschi R, et al. MP91-08 Combination Of Metabolic Syndrome Components To Predict Testosterone Deficiency In Men. Urol J. 2017;197(4S): 1221.
26. Ahmed IZ, Mahdy MM, El Oraby H, Abdelazeem EM. Association of sex hormones with metabolic syndrome among Egyptian males. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2017;11:S1059-S64.

27.          Liu PJ, Lou HP, Zhu YN. Screening for metabolic syndrome using an integrated continuous index consisting of waist circumference and triglyceride: A preliminary cross-sectional study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2020;13:2899.