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تاثیر کاربرد کودهای شیمیایی، آلی و تلفیق آنها بر عملکرد و مواد موثره اسانس گیاه دارویی مرزه خوزستانی (Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad) در اصفهان | ||
| تحقیقات گیاهان دارویی و معطر ایران | ||
| مقاله 3، دوره 41، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 124، تیر 1404، صفحه 201-219 اصل مقاله (1.12 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/ijmapr.2021.354844.3004 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| لیلی صفایی* 1؛ فاطمه سفیدکن2؛ سعید دوازده امامی3؛ داوود امین آزرم4 | ||
| 1عضو هیئت علمی مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی اصفهان | ||
| 2استاد-موسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور | ||
| 3اکولوژی گیاهان دارویی، مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی اصفهان/کودهی-زراعت-اهلی کردن-تنشهای شوری و خشکی | ||
| 4استادیار مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی اصفهان | ||
| چکیده | ||
| سابقه و هدف: گیاه داروئی مرزه خوزستانی با نام علمی Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad از خانواده نعناع و یکی از گونههای انحصاری مرزه در ایران است که به دلیل درصد اسانس و میزان کارواکرول بالا، در صنایع آرایشی، بهداشتی و داروسازی از اهمیت ویژهای برخوردار میباشد. هدف از این تحقیق بررسی سازگاری این گیاه با شرایط آب و هوایی استان اصفهان و افزایش عملکرد کمی و کیفی آن از طریق تعیین مناسبترین روش تغذیه بود. مواد و روشها: این تحقیق در سالهای زراعی 1395 تا 1399، در ایستگاه تحقیقاتی شهید فزوه وابسته به مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی اصفهان در شرایط آبی و در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی با هشت تیمار کودی (شامل نسبتهای مختلفی از کودهای شیمیایی NPK (N50P25K25)، کود دامی (30 و 60 تن در هکتار)، ورمی کمپوست (5 تن در هکتار) و نیز ترکیبی از کودهای شیمیایی، دامی و ورمی کمپوست (30 تن در هکتار کود دامی به همراه N50P25K25، 60 تن در هکتار کود دامی به همراه N50P25K25 و 5 تن در هکتار ورمی کمپوست به همراه N50P25K25) در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد، و سه تکرار انجام شد. تهیه بذر و نشاء گیاه از کلکسیون مرزه مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی اصفهان و مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور انجام پذیرفت. کشت بهصورت غیرمستقیم و از طریق نشاء بود. نشاها در شرایط گلخانه و از طریق کشت بذور در سینیهای کشت تولید شدند. انتقال نشاء در فروردین ماه 1396 و پس از مساعد شدن هوا انجام شد. بلافاصله پس از انتقال نشاء نسبت به آبیاری اقدام گردید. روش آبیاری بصورت قطرهای و در مراحل ابتدای رشد دو نوبت در هفته و پس از استقرار یک نوبت در هفته صورت گرفت. اندام هوایی گیاهان در زمان 50 درصد گلدهی از 5 سانتیمتری بالای سطح خاک برداشت و نسبت به خشک کردن آنها در سایه اقدام شد. استخراج اسانس از سرشاخههای گلدار هرساله صورت پذیرفت. به منظور استخراج اسانس، 50 گرم از سرشاخه هر تیمار آسیاب شده و به مدت چهار ساعت با استفاده از روش تقطیر با آب و دستگاه کلونجر، اسانسگیری و درصد آن تعیین شد. شناسایی ترکیبهای اسانس بااستفاده از دستگاههای گاز کروماتوگرافی (GC) و گاز کروماتوگرافی متصل به طیف سنج جرمی (GC/MS) صورت پذیرفت. نتایج: بر اساس نتایج بهدست آمده حداکثر درصد اسانس (3.7%) در سال سوم و بیشترین عملکرد اسانس (132.6 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در سال دوم مشاهده شد. طبق نتایج سالهای آزمایش، تیمار تلفیقی 50 کیلوگرم در هکتار ازت، 25 کیلوگرم در هکتار فسفر و 25 کیلوگرم در هکتار پتاس به همراه 5 تن در هکتار ورمی کمپوست سال سوم، بیشترین عملکرد اسانس را به خود اختصاص داد. 14 ترکیب در اسانس گیاه شناسایی شد که ترکیب غالب آن کارواکرول بود. میزان این ترکیب از86.4 تا 95.3 درصد متغیر به دست آمد. نتیجهگیری کلی: بر اساس نتایج این تحقیق، عملکرد کیفی اسانس گونه مورد مطالعه کمتر تحت تاثیر تیمارهای حاصلخیزی خاک قرار گرفت اما عملکرد کمی اسانس تحت تاثیر تغذیه تلفیقی افزایش معنیداری داشت که به طور غیرمستقیم باعث افزایش عملکرد کیفی اسانس نیز گردید. بنابراین میتوان اظهار داشت که استفاده از روشهای تغذیه تلفیقی در گیاه گامی مناسب به سمت ایجاد کشاورزی پایدار میباشد. درصد بالای ترکیب کارواکرول موجود در این گیاه از نظر اقتصادی بسیار ارزشمند میباشد. از آنجا که کارواکرول دارای چندین ویژگی بیولوژیکی، از جمله اثر ضدعفونی کننده، فعالیتهای ضدالتهابی، ضددرد، ضدباکتریایی، ضدقارچی و مخمر و آنتیاکسیدان میباشد لذا در مواردی که نیاز به این ترکیب با ارزش وجود دارد گونه مرزه خوزستانی انتخاب مناسبی میباشد. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| مرزه؛ روش حاصلخیزی خاک؛ مواد موثره اسانس؛ عملکرد | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Effects of NPK, manure, and their combination on yield and essential oil composition of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad in Isfahan | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| leili safaei1؛ Fatemeh Sefidkon2؛ saeed- davazdahemami-3؛ Davood Aminazarm4 | ||
| 2, Research Institutes of Forest and Rangelands | ||
| 3-Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center | ||
| 4Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Background and objectives: Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad is a medicinal plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family and is one of Iran’s exclusive species. Due to its high essential oil content and significant amounts of carvacrol, it is particularly important in the cosmetic, health, and pharmaceutical industries. This study aimed to evaluate the plant’s adaptation to the climatic conditions of Isfahan province and enhance its quantitative and qualitative performance by identifying the most suitable fertilization method. Methodology: This project was conducted at Fozveh Station of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Isfahan from 2017 to 2020 under irrigation conditions, using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with eight fertilizer treatments. The treatments included different levels of chemical fertilizers (N50P25K25), organic fertilizers (30 and 60 tons/ha of cow manure, and 5 tons/ha of vermicompost), and combinations of chemical and organic fertilizers (N50P25K25 + 30 tons/ha cow manure, N50P25K25 + 60 tons/ha cow manure, and N50P25K25 + 5 tons/ha vermicompost). These treatments were compared with a control group, and the experiment was replicated three times. Seeds and seedlings were sourced from the Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center and the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. Cultivation was performed indirectly through seedlings, which were first grown in greenhouse conditions using cultivation trays. In April 2017, after favorable weather conditions were established, the seedlings were transplanted to the field. Drip irrigation was applied immediately after transplanting, with watering scheduled twice a week in the early growth stages and once a week after plant establishment. The aerial parts of the plants were harvested at 50% flowering, cut 5 cm above the soil surface, and dried in the shade. Essential oil extraction was performed annually using water distillation (Clevenger apparatus). The essential oil percentage was measured, its composition was analyzed using gas chromatography (GC), and qualitative assessment was conducted through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: According to the results, the maximum essential oil percentage and oil yield in S. khuzistanica were 3.7% (in the third year) and 132.6 kg/ha (in the second year), respectively. Across the experimental years, the highest oil yield was obtained in the combined treatment of 50 kg/ha nitrogen, 25 kg/ha phosphorus, and 25 kg/ha potassium, plus 5 tons/ha vermicompost, in the third year. Throughout the study, 14 compounds were identified in S. khuzistanica essential oil, with carvacrol being the predominant component. The concentration of carvacrol ranged from 86.4% to 95.3%. Conclusion: According to the results, the qualitative yield of essential oil in S. khuzistanica was less affected by soil fertility treatments, while the quantitative yield showed a significant increase, which indirectly enhanced the qualitative yield. Ultimately, the study concluded that the intermediate fertilization method was the most effective treatment for improving quantitative yield and promoting sustainable agriculture. The high carvacrol content in this species adds to its economic value. Given its diverse biological properties, including antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities, S. khuzistanica is recommended for applications where this valuable compound is required. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| S. khuzistanica, soil fertilization method, essential oil components, yield | ||
| مراجع | ||
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