| تعداد نشریات | 284 |
| تعداد نشریات سازمان | 82 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 3,073 |
| تعداد مقالات | 34,300 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 47,109,531 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 78,017,590 |
تأثیر ارتفاع از سطح دریا بر الگوی پراکنش سیستم ریشه در جنگل‌کاری‌های توسکای ییلاقی (.Alnus subcordata C. A. Mey) | ||
| تحقیقات جنگل و صنوبر ایران | ||
| دوره 28، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 82، اسفند 1399، صفحه 409-422 اصل مقاله (1.06 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: علمی- پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/ijfpr.2021.352005.1959 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| محبوبه فسحت* 1؛ حسن اکبری2؛ احسان عبدی3؛ شعبان قلندرآیشی4؛ فیلیپو جیادروسیچ5 | ||
| 1دانشجوی دکتری، گروه مهندسی جنگل‌داری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران | ||
| 2دانشیار، گروه مهندسی جنگل‌داری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران | ||
| 3دانشیار، گروه جنگل‌داری و اقتصاد جنگل، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران | ||
| 4استادیار، گروه آمار، دانشکده علوم پایه و فنی مهندسی، دانشگاه گنبد کاووس، گنبد کاووس، ایران | ||
| 5استاد، بخش هیدرولیک و حفاظت خاک، دانشکده کشاوزی، دانشگاه ساساری، ایتالیا | ||
| چکیده | ||
| حفاظت خاک توسط گیاهان تاحد زیادی به ویژگی‌های زیست‌فنی سیستم ریشه آن‌ها بستگی دارد. یکی از این ویژگی‌ها، الگوی پراکنش ریشهها در خاک یا نسبت سطح ریشه به سطح خاک (RAR) است. هدف از پژوهش پیش‌رو، بررسی تأثیر عامل ارتفاع از سطح دریا بر پراکنش مکانی ریشه درختان جنگل‌کاری‌شده توسکای ییلاقی (Alnus subcordata C. A. Mey.)در سه حد ارتفاعی پایین‌بند، میان‌بند و بالابند در حوزه طرح جنگل‌داری نکا- ظالمرود در استان مازندران بود. هفت اصله درخت در هر ارتفاع به‌روش کاملاً تصادفی انتخاب شدند. به‌منظور اندازه‌‌گیری RAR با استفاده از روش مقطع پروفیل در اطراف هر پایه، دو پروفیل در سمت بالا و دو پروفیل در سمت پایین هر درخت حفر شد. ابعاد پروفیل‌ها 100 × 50 سانتی‌متر مربع بودند که به فاصله‌های افقی 5/0 و 5/1 متر از تنه درخت (دو مقطع) حفر شدند. دیواره‌‌‌‌ها به افق‌‌های 10 سانتی‌متری تقسیم شده و قطر همه ریشه‌‌های بیرون‌زده اندازه‌‌گیری شد. براساس نتایج، در هر سه ارتفاع با افزایش عمق و فاصله از درخت، RAR به‌صورت رابطه نمایی کاهش یافت. نتایج بهدست آمده از آنالیز کوواریانس نشان داد که پراکنش ریشهها در هر سه ارتفاع، اختلاف معنی‌‌داری داشتند. به‌طور کلی، با افزایش ارتفاع از سطح دریا به تراکم ریشهها افزوده شد. درصد بیشتر RAR در برخی از موقعیت‌‌ها در ارتفاع پایین‌بند ممکن است به‌دلیل محدودیت عمق خاک در این ارتفاع باشد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| روش مقطع پروفیل؛ مهندسی زیستی؛ نسبت سطح ریشه به سطح خاک | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| The effect of altitude on the distribution pattern of the root system of the Caucasian alder (Alnus subcordata C. A. Mey.) plantations in Iran | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| M. Foshat1؛ H. Akbari2؛ E. Abdi3؛ Sh. Ghalandarayeshi4؛ F. Giadrossich5 | ||
| 1Corresponding author, Ph.D. Student, Department of Forest Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran | ||
| 2Associate Prof., Department of Forest Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran | ||
| 3Associate Prof., Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran | ||
| 4Assistant Prof., Department of Statistics, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Engineering, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran | ||
| 5Prof., Section Hydraulics, Faculty of Agricultural, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The extent to which plants can protect soil largely depends on the biotechnical characteristics of their root system. One of these characteristics is the root distribution pattern in the soil or the Root Area Ratio (RAR). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of altitude on the root spatial distribution of Caucasian alder (Alnus subcordata C. A. Mey.)trees in lower, middle and upper altitudes in the Neka-Zalmrud forestry plan in the Mazandaran province, Iran. At each site, seven trees were completely randomly sampled. In order to investigate and measure RAR, two soil profiles were dug at both up and down sides of tree samples (with 50×100 cm2 dimensions) using the profile trench method at the horizontal distance of 0.5 and 1.5 m from the tree stem. On wall trenches, 10 cm horizons were identified, on which all intersecting roots were measured and RAR was calculated in each horizon. At all three altitudes, RAR decreased exponentially with increasing depth and distance from the tree. The results of ANCOVA showed that the distribution of roots at all three altitudes was significantly different. In overall, the density of the roots increased along with increasing altitude above sea level. Higher percentages of RAR in some locations at lowland heights were probably due to limited soil depth at this height. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Bioengineering, root area ratio, wall trench method | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
- Abdi, E. and Majnounian, B., 2019. Forest Road Maintenance. University of Tehran Press, Tehran, 327p (In Persian). - Abdi, E., Majnounian, B., Rahimi, H., Zobeiri, M. and Habibi Bibalani, Gh., 2010. Investigation of biotechnical properties of Parottia persica in order to use in bioengineering (Case study: Patom district of Kheyrud forest). Journal of natural Environment (Iranian Journal of Natural Resources), 36(10): 53-62 (In Persian). - Abernethy, B. and Rutherfurd, I.D., 2000. The effect of riparian tree roots on the mass-stability of riverbanks. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 25(9): 921-937. - Abernethy, B. and Rutherfurd, I.D., 2001. The distribution and strength of riparian tree roots in relation to riverbank reinforcement. Hydrological Processes, 15(1): 63-79. - Avani, N., Lateh, H. and Habibi Bibalani, Gh., 2014. Root distribution of Acacia mangium Willd. and Macaranga tanarius L. of rainforest. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 43(2): 141-145. - Bischetti, G.B., Chiaradia, E.A., Epis, T. and Morlotti, E., 2009. Root cohesion of forest species in the Italian Alps. Plant and Soil, 324(1-2): 71-89. - Bischetti, G.B., Chiaradia, E.A., Simonato, T., Speziali, B., Vitali, B., Vullo, P. and Zocco, A., 2005. Root strength and root area ratio of forest species in Lombardy (Northern Italy). Plant and Soil, 278(1-2): 11-22. - Chiaradia, E.A., Bischetti, G.B. and Vergani, C., 2012. Incorporating the effect of root systems of forest species into spatially distributed models of shallow landslides. International Journal of Forest, Soil and Erosion, 2(3): 107-118. - Deljouei, A., Abdi, E., Majnounian, B. and Schwarz, M., 2019. Roots spatial distribution of Carpinus betulus in lowland Hyrcanian forests (Kheyrud forest, Nowshahr). Journal of Forest Research and Development, 4(4): 477-488 (In Persian). - Di Iorio, A., Lasserre, B., Scippa, G.S. and Chiatante, D., 2005. Root system architecture of Quercus pubescens trees growing on different sloping conditions. Annals of Botany, 95(2): 351-361. - Eker, R. and Aydin, A., 2016. Landslide susceptibility assessment of forest roads. European Journal of Forest Engineering, 2(2): 54-60. - Esmaiili, M., Abdi, E., Jafary, M. and Majnounian, B., 2017. Comparison of biotechnical characteristics of root in two forest plantations of Fraxinus excelsior and Picea abies, J. of Forest Research and Development, 3(3): 237-247. (In Persian). - Esmaiili, M., Abdi, E., Nieber, J.L., Jafary, M. and Majnounian, B., 2020. How roots of Picea abies and Fraxinus excelsior plantations contribute to soil strength and slope stability: evidence from a study case in the Hyrcanian Forest, Iran. Soil Research, 59(3) 287-298. - Fan, C.G. and Su, C.F., 2008. Role of roots in the shear strength of root-reinforced soils with high moisture content. Ecological Engineering, 33(2): 157-166. - Finér, L., Helmisaari, H.S., Lõhmus, K., Majdi, H., Brunner, I., Børja, I., … and Vanguelova, E., 2007. Variation in fine root biomass of three European tree species: Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Plant Biosystems, 141(3): 394-405. - Finér, L., Ohashib, M., Noguchic, K. and Hiranod, Y., 2011. Factors causing variation in fine root biomass in forest ecosystems. Forest Ecology and Management, 261(2): 265-277. - Genet, M., Kokutse, N., Stokes, A., Fourcaud, T., Cai, X., Ji, J. and Mickovski, S., 2008. Root reinforcement in plantations of Cryptomeria japonica D. Don: effect of tree age and stand structure on slope stability. Forest Ecology and Management, 256(8): 1517-1526. - Heidarian, T., Ghasemi Aghbash, F. and Pazhouhan, I., 2018. The role of native species of Quercus brantii and Crataegus aronia in soil reinforcement in Zagros forests. Austrian Journal of forest Science, 135(4): 283-296. - Ji, J., Kokutse, N., Genet, M., Fourcaud, T. and Zhang, Z., 2012. Effects of spatial variation of tree root characteristics on slope stability. A case study on Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and Arborvitae (Platycladus orientalis), stands on the Loess Plateau, China. Catena, 92: 139-154. - John, B., Harendra, N. P. and Tripathi, R.S., 2001. Vertical distribution and seasonal changes of fine and coarse root mass in Pinus kesiya Royle Ex.Gordon forest of three different ages. Acta Oecologica, 22: 293-300. - Kazemi, M., Abdi, E., Majnounian, B. and Yousefzadeh, H., 2017. The effect of Persian oak species (Quercus persica) in soil reinforcement (Case Study: Tabarok, Bazaft basin). Forest and Wood Products, 70(1): 31-38 (In Persian). - Laio, F., D'Odorico, P. and Ridolfi, L., 2006. An analytical model to relate the vertical root distribution to climate and soil properties. Geophysical Research Letters, 33: L18401. - Leuschner, C. and Hertel, D., 2003. Fine root biomass of temperate forests in relation to soil acidity and fertility, climate, age and species. Progress in Botany, 64: 405-438. - Lotfalian, M. and Parsakhoo, A., 2012. Forest Roads Network Planning. Ayiizh Publications, Tehran, 168p (In Persian). - Majnounian, B., Abdi, E., Foshat, M. and Sufi Mariv, H., 2014. Determining biomechanical properties of poplar (Populus nigra) for soil bioengineering purposes. Journal of Forest and Wood Products (Iranian Journal of Natural Resources), 67(1):13-19 (In Persian). - Mao, Z., Saint-André, L., Genet, M., Mine, F.-X., Jourdan, C., Rey, H., Courbaud, B. and Stokes, A., 2012. Engineering ecological protection against landslides in diverse mountain forests: Choosing cohesion models. Ecological Engineering, 45: 55-69. - Mattia, C., Bischetti, G.B. and Gentile, F., 2005. Biotechnical characteristics of root system of typical Mediterranean species. Plant and Soil, 278: 23-32. - Moresi, F.V., Maesano, M., Matteucci, G., Romagnoli, M., Sidle, R.C. and Scarascia Mugnozza, G., 2019. Root biomechanical traits in a montane Mediterranean forest watershed: Variations with species diversity and soil depth. Forests, 10(4): 341. - Naghdi, R., Maleki, S., Abdi, E., Mousavi, R. and Nikooy, M., 2013. Assessing the effect of Alnus roots on hillslope stability in order to use in soil bioengineering. Journal of Forest Science, 59(11): 417-423. - Neukirchen, D., Himken, M., Lammel, J., Czypionka-Krause, U. and Olfs, H.W., 1999. Spatial and temporal distribution of the root system and root nutrient content of an established Miscanthus crop. European Journal of Agronomy, 11(3-4): 301-309. - Pourmalekshah, A.A.M.A., Moayeri, M.H. and Parsakhoo, A., 2019. Effect of the root biotechnical characteristics of Alnus subcordata, Paulownia fortunei and Populus deltoids on the soil mechanics. Journal of Forest Science, 65(7): 283-290. - Preti, F. and Giadrossich, F., 2009. Root reinforcement and slope bioengineering stabilization by Spanish Broom (Spartium junceum L.). Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 13(9): 1713-1726. - Sabeti, H., 1994. Forests, Trees and Shrubs of Iran. Published by Yazd University, Yazd, 884p (In Persian). - Schwarz, M., Phillips, C., Marden, M., McIvor, I.R., Douglas, G.B. and Watson, A., 2016. Modelling of root reinforcement and erosion control by ‘Veronese’ poplar on pastoral hill country in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 46: 4. - Sidle, R.C., Ziegler, A.D., Negishi, J.N., Nik, A.R., Siew, R. and Turkelboom, F., 2006. Erosion processes in steep terrain—Truths, myths, and uncertainties related to forest management in Southeast Asia. Forest Ecology and Management, 224(1-2): 199-225. - Stokes, A., Atger, C., Bengough, A.G., Fourcaud, T. and Sidle, R.C., 2009. Desirable plant root traits for protecting natural and engineered slopes against landslides. Plant and Soil, 324: 1-30 - Stokes, A., Norris, J.E., van Beek, L.P.H., Bogaard, T., Cammeraat, E., Mickovski, S.B., ... and Fourcaud, T., 2008. How vegetation reinforces soil on slopes: 65-118. In: Norris, J.E., Stokes, A., Mickovski, S.B., Cammeraat, E., van Beek, R., Nicoll, B.C. and Achim, A. (Eds.). Slope Stability and Erosion Control: Ecotechnological Solutions. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 287p. - Tobin, C., Cermak, J., Chiatante, D., Danjon, F., Diorio, A., Dupuy, L., Eshel, A., Jourdan, C., Kalliokoski, T., Laiho, R., Nadezhdina, N., Nicoll, B., Pages, L., Silva, J. and Spanos, I., 2007. Towards developmental modelling of tree root systems. Plant Biosystems, 141(3): 481-501. - Vergani, C., Schwarz, M., Cohen, D., Thormann, J.J. and Bischetti, G.B., 2014. Effects of root tensile force and diameter distribution variability on root reinforcement in the Swiss and Italian Alps. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 44(11): 1426-1440. - Wang, X., Hong, M.M., Huang, Z., Zhao, Y.F., Ou, Y.S., Jia, H.X. and Li, J., 2019. Biomechanical properties of plant root systems and their ability to stabilize slopes in geohazard-prone regions. Soil & Tillage Research, 189: 148-157. - Xu, R., Li, X., Yang, W., Jiang, C. and Rabiei, M., 2019. Use of local plants for ecological restoration and slope stability: a possible application in Yan’an, Loess Plateau, China. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 10(1): 2106-2128. - Yanagisawa, N. and Fujita, N., 1999. Different distribution patterns of woody species on a slope in relation to vertical root distribution and dynamics of soil moisture profiles. Ecological Research, 14: 165-177. - Zavala-González, R.G., Cantú-Silva, I. and González-Rodríguez, H., 2020. The effect of root native tree species on soil shear strength on hillslopes of Sierra Madre Oriental, Mexico. Preprint, 21p. - Zhang, C., Jiang, J., Ma, J., Zhang, X., Yang, Q., Ouyang, Q. and Lei, X., 2015. Evaluating soil reinforcement by plant roots using artificial neural networks. Soil Use and Management, 31: 408–416. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 630 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 468 |
||