| 
		
Bogusz, A., and P. Oleszczuk. 2018. Sequential extraction of nickel and zinc in sewage sludge-or biochar/sewage sludge-amended soil. Sci. Total Environ. 636 :927–935Chen, T., Y. Zhang, H. Wang, W. Lu, Z. Zhou, and Y. Zhang. 2014. Influence of pyrolysis temperature on characteristics and heavy metal adsorptive performance of biochar derived from municipal sewage sludge. Bioresour. Technol. 164:47-54.Dai, S., H. Li, Z. Yang, M. Dai, X. Dong, X.Ge, M. Sun, and L. Shi. 2018. Effects of biochar amendments on speciation and bioavailability of heavy metals in coal-mine-contaminated soil. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 24(7):1887-1900.Devi, P., and A. Saroha. 2014. Risk analysis of pyrolyzed biochar made from paper mill effluent treatment plant sludge for bioavailability and eco-toxicity of heavy metals. Bioresour. Technol 162:308–315.Fang, S., D. C.W. Tsang, F. Zhou, W. Zhang, and R. Qiu. 2016. Stabilization of cationic and anionic metal species in contaminated soils using sludge-derived biochar. Chemosphere. 149:263-271.Figueiredo, C., J. Chagas, J. Silva, and J. Ferreiro. 2019. Short-term effects of a sewage sludge biochar amendment on total and available heavy metal content of a tropical soil. Geoderma  344 : 31–39.Hongbo, L.i., D. Xiaoling, B. Evandro, M. Letuzia, C. Yanshan, and Q. Ma. Lena. 2017. Mechanisms of metal sorption by biochars: Biochar characteristics and modifications. Chemosphere. 178: 466-478.Hu, Y., G. Chen, M. Yan, and L. Han. 2016. Distribution and contamination hazards of heavy metals in solid residues from the pyrolysis and gasification. JRST. 13:87-96.Huang, H. and Z. Yuan. 2016. The migration and transformation behaviors of heavy metals during the hydrothermal treatment of sewage sludge. Bioresour. Technol. 200:991-998.Hoyt, P.B., and M. Nyborg. 1971. Toxic metal in acid soil: 2. Estimation of plant available manganese. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Pro. 35: 141-144.Iglesias, M., E. Marguí, F. Camps, and M. Hidalgo. 2018. Extractability and crop transfer of potentially toxic elements from Mediterranean agricultural soils following long-term sewage sludge applications as a fertilizer replacement to barley and maize crops. J.Waste Manag. 75:312–318.Jin, J., Y. Lia, J. Zhang, S. Wu, Y. Cao, P. Liang, J. Zhang, M. Hung, M. Wang, S. Shand, and K.Christie. 2016. Influence of pyrolysis temperature on properties and environmental safety of heavy metals in biochars derived from municipal sewage sludge. J. Hazard. Mater. 320: 417–426.Kabata-Pendias A. and H. Pendias.  2001. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. Third Ed. CRC Press. Boca Raton. London. 331p.Kabiri, P., H.M. Motaghian, and A. R. Hosseinpur. 2019. Effects of walnut leaves biochars on lead and zinc fractionation and phytotoxicity in a naturally calcareous highly contaminated soil. Water, Air, Soil Pollut: 230:263.Karimi, F., G. Rahimi, Z. Kolahchi, A. Khademi, and J. Nezhad. 2019. Using Industrial Sewage Sludge-Derived Biochar to Immobilize Selected Heavy Metals in a Contaminated Calcareous Soil. Waste Biomass Valorization. 11: 2825–2836.Khalid, N., M. Hussain, H.S. Young, M. Ashraf, M. Hameed, and R. Ahmad. 2018. Lead concentrations in soils and some wild plant species along two busy roads in Pakistan. B.E.C.T. 100:250-258.Lindsay, W.L., and W.A. Norvell. 1978. Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42: 421-428.Liu, T., B. Liu, and W. Zhang. 2014. Nutrients and heavy metals in biochar produced by sewage sludge pyrolysis: Its application in soil amendment. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 23: 271-275.Loeppert, R.H., and D.L. Suarez. 1996. Carbonate and gypsum. In: Sparks D.L. (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. S.S.S.A. Madison. pp. 437-474.Mohan, D., K. Abhishek, A. Sarswat, M. Patel, P. Singh, and C.U. Pittman. 2018. Biochar production and applications in soil fertility and carbon sequestration–a sustainable solution to crop-residue burning in India. RSC Advances 8:508-520.O'Connor, D., T. Peng, J. Zhang, D.C.W. Tsang, D. S. Alessi,  Z. Shen, N.S. Bolan, and D. Houa.2018.  Biochar application for the remediation of heavy metal polluted land: A review of in situ field trials.  Science of the Total Environment 619–620 : 815–826.Oliveira, F.R., A.K. Patel, D.P. Jaisi, S. Adhikari, H. Lu, and S.K. Khanal. 2017. Environmental application of biochar: Current status and perspectives. Bioresour. Technol. 246:110-122.Penido, E.S., G.C. Martins, T.B.  Matos, L. Mendes, C.A. Melo, I.R. Guimarães, and L.R. G. Guilherme. 2019. Combining biochar and sewage sludge for immobilization of heavy metals in mining soils. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 172 326–333.Protano, G., F. Baroni, L. Antonello, D. Lella, A. Mazzoni, and F. Nannoni. (2019). How do properties and heavy metal levels change in soils fertilized with regulated doses of urban sewage sludge in the framework of a real agronomic treatment program? J. S. S. 20: 1383–1394.Randolph, P.  R.R. Bansode, O.A. Hassan, Dj. Rehrah, R. Ravella, M.R. Reddy, D.W. Watts, J.M. Novak,  and M. Ahmedna. 2017.  Effect of biochars produced from solid organic municipal waste on soil quality parameters.  J. Environ. Manage 192: 271-280Rashid, I., G. Murtaza, Z. Ahmad, and M. Farooq. 2018. Effect of humic and fulvic acid transformation on cadmium availability to wheat cultivars in sewage sludge amended soil. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25:16071-16079.Racek, J., J. Sevcik, T. Chorazy, J. Kucerik, and P. Hlavinek. 2020. Biochar–Recovery Material from Pyrolysis of Sewage Sludge: A Review. Waste Biomass Valorization. 11:3677–3709.Rhoades, J.D. 1996. Salinity: electrica conductivity and tota dissolved Solids. In: Sparks D.L. (e.d). Methods of Soil Analysis. S. S. S. A. J. Madison 417-435.Sparks D.L. 1996. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3-Chemical Methods. Wisconsin. 1309.Sposito, G., L.J. Lund, and A. Chang. 1982. Trace metal chemistry in arid-zone filde soil amended with sewag sludge. I. Fractionation of Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in solid phases. S. S. A. J. 46: 260-264.Sumner, M.E., and P.M. Miller. 1996. Cation exchange capacity and exchange coefficient. In: Sparks D.L. (ed.). Methods of Soil Analysis. S. S. S. A. J. Madison 1201-1230.Tang, X.Y., Y.G. Zhu, Y.S. Cui, J. Duan, and L. Tang. 2006. The effect of ageing on the bioaccessiblity and fractionation of cadmium in some typicaly soils of China. Environ. Int. 32:682-689.Tessier, A., P.G.C. Campbell, and Bisson M. 1979. Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals. Anal. Chem. 51: 844–851.Thomas, G.W. 1996. Soil pH and Soil acidity. In: Sparks D.L. (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. S. S. S. A. J. Madison 475-490.Yang, X., J. Liu, M. Kim, H. Huang, K. Lu, X. Guo, L. He, X. Lin, L. Che, Z. Ye, and H. Wang. 2016. Environ effect of biochar on the extractability of heavymetals (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) and enzyme activity in soil. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 23:974-984.Yang, G., G. Zhu, H. Li, X. Han, J. Li, and Y. Ma. 2018. Accumulation and bioavailability of heavy metals in a soil-wheat/maize system with long-termsewage sludge amendments. J IntegrAgric. 17:1861–1870.Yuan, X., L. Leng, H. Huang, X. Chen, H. Wang, Z. Xiao, Y. Zhai, H. Chen, and G. Zeng. 2015. Speciation and environmental risk assessment of heavy metal in bio-oil from liquefaction /pyrolysis of sewage sludge. Chemosphere 120:645–652.Yue, Y., L.Cui, Q.Lin, G. Li, and X. Zhao. 2017. Efficiency of sewage sludge biochar in improving urban soil properties and promoting grass growth. Chemosphere 173: 55-556.Wang, H., X. Yang, L. He,K. LU, K.  Muller, k. McGrouther, S. Xu, X. Zhang, J. Li, H. Huang, G. Yuan, G. Hu, and X. Liu. 2018. Using Biochar for Remediation of Contaminated Soils. P. 763-783. Twenty Years of Research and Development on Soil Pollution and Remediation in China.Zhao, Y., L. Zhao, Y. Mei, F. Li, and X. Cao. 2107. Release of nutrients and heavy metals from biochar-amended soil under environmentally relevant conditions. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25: 2517–2527.Zhao, M., Y. Dai, M. Zhang, C. Feng, B. Qin. W. Zhang, N. Zhao, Y. Li, Z. Ni, Z. Xu, D. Tsang, and R. QIU. 2020. Mechanisms of Pb and/or Zn adsorption by different biochars: Biochar characteristics, stability, and binding energies. Sci. Total Environ. 717:136894.Zheng, R., Z. Chen, C. Cai, B. Tie, X. Liu, B.J. Reid, Q. Huang, M. Lei, G. Sun, and E. Baltrėnaitė. 2015. Mitigating heavy metal accumulation into rice (Oryza sativa L.) using biochar amendment-a field experiment in Hunan, China. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res.  2:11097-11108. |