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Prevalence of Avian Influenza in Live Bird Markets, Bird Gardens, and Zoos in Iran in 2015: A Cross-sectional Study | ||
| Archives of Razi Institute | ||
| مقاله 4، دوره 74، شماره 3، آذر 2019، صفحه 243-250 اصل مقاله (200.99 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Original Articles | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/ari.2019.125186.1299 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| M. H. Fallah Mehrabadi* 1؛ A. Ghalyanchi Langeroudi2؛ A. Bahonar3؛ M. H. Rabiee3؛ F. Tehrani4؛ S. Amirhajloo4؛ k. Steneroden5؛ M.D. Salman5 | ||
| 1Department of Poultry Viral Diseases, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran | ||
| 2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 3Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 4Department of Health and Management of Poultry Diseases, Iranian Veterinary Organization, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 5Animal Population Health Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA | ||
| چکیده | ||
| Avian Influenza (AI) H9N2 is endemic in Iran; therefore, it is necessary to estimate the disease prevalence among birds in live bird markets (LBMs) and assess the risk spread across the country. Accordingly, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of AI subtypes in LBMs, bird gardens, and zoos during October and November 2015 in Iran and investigate the associated risk factors. Data related to independent variables for birds and premises were collected using a prepared questionnaire which included items about previously known potential risk factors associated with avian influenza infection. Serological testing was carried out to detect the antibodies against H5, H7, and H9. Regarding H5 and H7, the antigens H5N2 and H7N1 were used in this study. Positive samples on the first test were examined with the second antigens, namely H5N1 and H7N7. Moreover, sera with titers ≥4 (i.e. log2) were considered positive and premises with at least one positive bird were considered as positive units. In total, 87 premises were included in this cross-sectional study. Serum samples were examined utilizing hemagglutination inhibition, and RT-PCR was conducted on swab samples. Regarding the molecular test, the RNA was extracted using the High Pure Viral RNA Kit (Roche, Germany). In addition, real-time RT-PCR was conducted based on the described method. The seroprevalence rates of H9N2 were 83.9% and 31.8% at the premises and bird levels, respectively. Totally, 9.2% of pooled swab samples were positive for H9N2. However, all sera and swab samples were negative for H5 and H7. Hot and humid weather (OR=0.13, 95% CI 0.02 – 0.78) as well as bird-keeping condition (i.e., enclosed area) (OR=0.11, 95% CI 0.012 – 1.02) were protective factors for H9N2. High seroprevalence rate of H9 indicates that the disease is endemic in Iranian LBMs. Active surveillance must be carried out in LBMs, especially in the northern provinces of Iran. In addition, cleanliness and improved hygiene would be useful to prevent the spread of disease in LBMs. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| Avian influenza؛ Bird garden؛ Iran؛ Live bird market؛ Zoo | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| شیوع آنفلوانزای پرندگان در بازارهای فروش پرندگان زنده، باغ پرندگان و باغ وحشها در سال 1395 در ایران، یک مطالعه مقطعی | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| آنفلوانزای H9N2 در ایران بومی است و برآورد شیوع بیماری بین طیور عرضه شده در بازارهای فروش پرندگان زنده با هدف تعیین خطر گسترش بیماری در کشور ضروری است. هدف از این مطالعه مقطعی، تعیین شیوع آنفلوانزا در بین پرندگان بازارها، باغ وحشها و باغهای پرندگان در سال 1395 و عوامل خطر مرتبط مربوطه میباشد. برای انجام مطالعه، پرسشنامهای در مورد عوامل موثر بر رخداد بیماری در سطح پرنده و سطح واحد تهیه شده و برای هر واحد تکمیل گردید. در این مطالعه 87 واحد نمونه برداری شدند. نمونههای سرمی با آزمون ممانعت از آگلوتیناسیون (HI) و نمونههای سواب با آزمون RT_PCR مورد آزمایش قرار گرفتند. برای آزمون مولکولی، استخراج RNA با استفاده از کیت استخراج High Pure Viral RNA Kit (کمپانی رشه آلمان) و مطابق پروتکل سازنده انجام گرفت. شیوع سرمی آنفلوانزای H9N2 در سطح واحد، 9/83% و در سطح پرنده، 8/31% بود. 2/9% نمونههای سواب پولد شده برای H9N2 مثبت بودند. تمامی نمونههای سرمی و مولکولی در آزمایش برای H5 و H7 منفی بودند. آب و هوای گرم و مرطوب با نسبت شانس برابر 13/0 و فاصله اطمینان 95% برابر 78/0- 02/0 و نگهداری طیور در محلهای بسته با نسبت شانس برابر 11/0 و فاصله اطمینان 95% برابر 02/1- 012/0 به عنوان عوامل محافظت کننده برای H9 بودند. شیوع سرمی بالای H9 نشاندهنده بومی شدن بیماری در بازارهای کشور دارد. در این راستا میبایست مراقبت فعال بیماری در بازارها به خصوص در استانهای شمالی انجام شود. علاوه بر این پاکسازی و بهبود وضعیت بهداشتی بازارها در جلوگیری از گسترش بیماری در بازارها ضروری است. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| آنفلوانزای پرندگان, بازارهای فروش پرنده زنده, باغ پرندگان, باغ وحش, ایران | ||
| مراجع | ||
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