| تعداد نشریات | 286 |
| تعداد نشریات سازمان | 84 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 2,998 |
| تعداد مقالات | 33,579 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 44,260,404 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 20,857,579 |
تدقیق برآورد فرسایش آبی در ایران | ||
| پژوهش های آبخیزداری | ||
| مقاله 3، دوره 31، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 120، مهر 1397، صفحه 13-27 اصل مقاله (877.61 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/wmej.2018.121424.1106 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| محمود عرب خدری* 1؛ صمد شادفر1؛ علی جعفری اردکانی1؛ رضا بیات2؛ الیاس خواجوی3؛ محمد حسین مهدیان1 | ||
| 1عضو هیأت‌علمی پژوهشکده‌ی حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران | ||
| 2عضو هیأت‌علمی پژوهشکده‌ی حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران | ||
| 3باشگاه پژوهشگران جوان و نخبگان، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| مقدار فرسایش آبی خاک کشور، براساس نقشه‌ی شدت فرسایش تهیه‌شده در پژوهشکده‌ی حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری با کاربرد روش توان فرسایش (EPM)، 976 میلیون تن در سال برآورد شده است. این نقشه از نظر شناسایی مناطق حساس‌‌‌تر به فرسایش در هر منطقه، مناسب است، ولی مقادیر برآوردی مدل، نیاز به واسنجی با مقادیر مشاهده‌‌‌ای را دارد که براساس آمار رسوب 276 آبخیز کشور انجام شده است. کمینه و بیشینه‌ی رسوب‌دهی سالانه‌ی مشاهده‌‌‌ای، به‌ترتیب 4 و 5591، و رسوب‌دهی سالانه‌ی برآوردی با مدل، به‌ترتیب 31 و 2946 تن در کیلومترمربع به‌دست آمد. نسبت اصلاحی در هشت منطقه‌ی همگن، با تقسیم میانه‌ی مقادیر متناظر رسوب مشاهده‌‌‌ای به برآوردی، از 57/0 تا 43/1 محاسبه شد. با اعمال ضریب اصلاحی، مقادیر فرسایش سالانه به تفکیک مناطق همگن محاسبه شد که بیشترین و کمترین میانه به ترتیب با 1063 و 130 تن در کیلومترمربع، به آبخیزهای دریای عمان (منطقه‌ی 8) و کویرها (منطقه‌ی 6) تعلق دارد. مقدار فرسایش سالانه‌ی کشور، 895 میلیون تن (معادل 5/5 تن در هکتار در سال) برآورد شد که بیشترین و کمترین سهم به‌ترتیب به منطقه‌ی 8 (33%) و منطقه‌ی 1 یا ساحلی خزر (5/2%) مربوط است؛ همچنین، ملاحظه شد که برخلاف انتظار، رسوب‌دهی ویژه‌ی مشاهده‌‌‌ای با افزایش مساحت، اضافه می‌‌‌شود که دلایل احتمالی آن در متن ارائه شده است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| رسوب‌دهی؛ فرسایش؛ روش توان فرسایش؛ مناطق همگن | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Improving Water Erosion Estimates for Iran | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Mahmood Arabkhedri1؛ Samad Shadfar1؛ Ali Jafari-Ardakani1؛ Reza Bayat2؛ Elias Khajavi3؛ Mohammad Hossein Mahdian1 | ||
| 1Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, Agriculture Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 2Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, Agriculture Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 3Young Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The amount of country's water erosion is estimated at a rate of 976 million t.yr-1 by Erosion Potential Method (EPM) based on the national erosion map prepared at the Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute. This map is suitable for identifying the most sensitive areas to erosion in each region, but the estimated values of the model need calibration, which was estimated based onthe observed sediment yield data of 276 watersheds. The minimum and maximum annual observed sediment yields were 4 and 5591t.km-2, and estimated by the model was 31 and 2946 t.km-2, respectively. Correction ratio in the eight homogeneous regions was between 0.57 to 1.43 by dividing the median of the observed sediment yields to the corresponding estimates in the studied watersheds. These ratios then were used to improve the erosion values for homogeneous regions between 1063 and 130 t.km-2.yr-1, belonging to the Oman Sea (Region 8) and the internal desert (Region 6) basins, respectively. The annual erosion of the country was estimated to be million 895 t.yr-1. The(5.5 t.ha-1.yr-1), with the highest and lowest contribution, respectively to the Region 8 (33%) and the Region 1 or Caspian Sea coastal basins (2.5%). It was also found that the observed specific sediment yield had a positive correlation with an increasing area unlike the expectation, with its probable reasons have been explained in the paper. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| erosion, EPM, homogeneous regions, sediment yield | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Agharazi H, Davoudirad AA, Najimi A, Pourmatin A. 2010. Evaluation of modified PSIAC and sediment properties based on sediment survey in small dam reservoirs. Final report of research project. Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute. (In Persian). Alizadeh A. 2008. Fundamental of applied hydrology. Astan Ghods Publications. 811 p. (In Persian). Altman DG, Bland JM. 1994. Statistics note: quartiles, quintiles, centiles, and other quantiles. BMJ, 309: 996–996. Anadana J. Herath G. 2003. Soil erosion in developing countries: A socio- economic appraisal. Journal of Environmental Management, 68(4): 343–353. Arabkhedri M, Khojeini AV, Hakimkhani S, Charkhabi AH, Telvari A. 2009. Sediment yield estimating and mapping for Iran. Final report of research project. Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute. (In Persian). Arabkhedri M, Shadfar S, Sokouti-Oskouee R. 2016. Improving the estimates of water erosion and determining soil loss tolerance for Iran. Final report of research project. Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute. (In Persian). Bahadori-Khosroshahi F. 2012. Guideline for calculation of suspended-load and bed-load of rivers. Vice Presidency For Strategic Planning and Supervision. 160 p. (In Persian). Boardman J. 1998. An average soil erosion rate in Europe: Myth or Reality? Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 53(1): 46–50. Boardman J. 2006. Soil erosion science: Reflections on the limitations of current approaches. J. Catena, 68(2–3): 73–86. Boardman J. Poesen J (Eds.). 2006. Soil erosion in Europe. Wiley, Chichester, UK. Broushkeh A, Arabkhedri M, Sokouti-Oskouee R, Habibi M. 2003. Sediment yield estimation for small tributaries based on sediment survey in small dam reservoirs, Case study: Small tributaries of Azarbayjan-Gharbi Provience. Final report of research project. Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute. (In Persian). Dewan ML, Famouri J. 1964. The soils of Iran. FAO. Rome. FAO and ITPS. 2015. Status of the world’s soil resources (SWSR) – Technical Summary. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils, Rome, Italy. Firouz-Nakhjavani F. 1972. Erosion control and watershed reclamation. Tehran University Publications, No. 1351. 368 p. (In Persian). Gavrilovic Z. 1988. The use of empirical method (erosion potential method) for calculating sediment production and transportation in unstudied or torrential streams. In: White, W. R. (Ed.), International Conference on River Regime 411–422. Govers G, Merckx R, Wesemael BV, Oost KV. 2017. Soil conservation in the 21st century: Why we need smart agricultural intensification. Soil, 3 (1): 45–59. Hashemi SAA, Arabkhedri M. 2008. Evaluation of MPSIAC and EPM models based on sediment survey in small dam reservoirs in Semnan Province. Final report of research project. Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute. (In Persian). Milliman JD, Meade RH.1983. Worldwide delivery of river sediment to the occeans. Journal of Geology, 91(1): 1–21. Mokhtari A, Ghayoumian J, Bahmanpour M, Shirani K, Eskandari Z. 2002. Evaluation of correlation of area specific sediment and sediment rating of Modified PSIAC based on sediment survey in small dam reservoirs. Final report of research project. Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute. (In Persian). Nikkami D. 2012. Soil conservation strategic plan. Final report of research project. Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute. (In Persian). SCWMRI (Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute). 2007. Iran erosion severity map using EPM. Forests, Rangelands and Watershed Management Organization. (In Persian). Sharifi F, Heydarian SA. 1999. On the land and water resources management (LWR) strategies in Iran. In: Talebbeydokhti N., A. Telvari, and S. A. Heydarian (Eds.). The Regional Workshop on Traditional Water Harvesting System. Tehran, Iran, pp. 237– 255. Sharifi F, Mousivand A, Saadat H, Hoseini-Razi MM, Maleki-Beigdeli A, Bahrami HA, 34 more. 2015. Soil erosion atlas and watershed synthesizing data, integration and accretion. Final report of research project. Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute. (In Persian, Abstract in English). Sidle RC, Gomi T, Usuga JCL, Jarihani B. 2017. Hydrogeomorphic processes and scaling issues in the continuum from soil pedons to catchments, Earth Science Review, 175: 75–96. Steinhoff-Knopp B, Burkhard B. 2018. Soil erosion by water in Northern Germany: Long-term monitoring results from Lower Saxony, Catena, 165: 299–309. Telvari A. 1996. Estimation of transmission losses through the bed of an ephemeral river in arid region of NS Wales. Pajhouhesh va Sazandegi, 27: 35–41. (In Persian). Toy TJ, Foster GR, Renard KG. 2002. Soil erosion, processes, prediction, measurement and control, John Wiley & Sons. Vanmaercke M, Zenebe A, Poesen J, Nyssen J, Verstraeten G, Deckers J. 2010. Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: A case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia. J. Soils Sediments, 10(4): 611–627. Vanoni VA, (Ed.). 2006. Sedimentation engineering. A.S.C.E. 418 p. Walling DE. 1994. Measuring sediment yield from river basins. In: Lal, R. (Ed), Soil erosion research methods. Soil and Water Conservation Society. 39–73. Walling DE, Webb BW. 1987. Material transport by the world’s rivers: evolving perspectives. IAHS Publication, 164: 313–329. World Bank. 2005. Islamic Republic of Iran cost assessment of environmental degradation. Report No. 32043–IR. Rural Development, Water and Environment Department, Middle East and North Africa Region. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 934 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 1,005 |
||