Determination of semi-lethal concentration (LC50) of olive leaf (Olea europaea L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.) extracts in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) | ||
| تحقیقات گیاهان دارویی و معطر ایران | ||
| Article 13, Volume 34, Issue 5 - Serial Number 91, November and December 2018, Pages 849-858 PDF (186.2 K) | ||
| Document Type: Research Paper | ||
| DOI: 10.22092/ijmapr.2018.122516.2355 | ||
| Authors | ||
| A. Karimi Pashaki1; M. Ghasemi* 2; S.J. Zorriehzahra3; M. Sharif Rohani3; S.M. Hosseini4 | ||
| 1Ph.D by-Research student in Aquatic Health, Inland Water Aquaculture Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar Anzali, Iran | ||
| 2Inland Water Aquaculture Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar Anzali, Iran | ||
| 3Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran | ||
| 4Department of Microbiology & Micorbiotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Tehran, Iran | ||
| Abstract | ||
| In this study, the semi-lethal concentration (LC50) of aqueous-alcoholic extract of olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf and aqueous extract of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings was investigated. Experiments were carried out using standard O.E.C.D within 96h. The amount of active ingredient of the extracts was measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). To measure the semi-lethal concentration for each extract, the fish were divided into five treatment groups and one control group (each with three replicates including 10 fish). Mean length and weight of fish were 9.8±0.78 cm and 15±3.4 g, respectively. Five treatments were exposed to concentrations of 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 ppm (mg/l) of aqueous-alcoholic extract of olive leaf and five other treatments were exposed to concentrations of 400, 800, 1200, 1600 and 2000 ppm of aqueous extract of garlic. During the test period, the average (±SD) temperature was 17±1.7 °C, the dissolved oxygen was 7.23±0.41 mg/l and the pH was 7.5±0.81. The results of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that the amount of Allicin measured in garlic extract was 200 mg/g and the amount of Oleoropein measured in olive leaf was 177.2 mg/g. The 96h LC50 value in common carp for the aqueous-alcoholic extract of olive leaf was calculated to be 168 ppm and for the aqueous extract of garlic, 1050 ppm. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| aqueous-alcoholic extract of olive leaf (Olea europaea L.); aqueous extract of garlic (Allium sativum L.); common carp; semi-lethal concentration (LC50); HPLC | ||
| References | ||
|
- Abd El-Galil, M.A.A. and Aboelhadid, S.M., 2012. Trials for the control of trichodinosis and gyrodactylosis in hatchery reared Oreochromis niloticus fries by using garlic. Veterinary Parasitology, 185(2-4): 57-63. - Afifi saif, M., 2014. Studies on the effect of olive leaf extract on a model of DNA or RNA virus. Ph.D. thesis, Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University. - Ankri, S. and Mirelman, D., 2001. Antimicrobial properties of allicin of garlic. Journal of Microbes and Infection, 341-357. - Aytul, K.K., 2010. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of olive leaf extract and its food applications. Master of Science Degree thesis, Izmir Institute of Technology, Turkey. - Azizzadeh Deshad, A., Heshmati, M. and Ghaini M.H., 2010. Garlic extract can induce apoptotic cell death in the human colon adenocarcinoma HT29 cell line. Iranian Journal of Pathology, 5(3): 126-131. - Bazari Moghaddam, S., Sharif Rohani, M., Sharifpour, I., Pajand, Z., Jalilpour, J. and Masoumzadeh, M., 2013. Determination of lethal concentration of hydroalcoholic extract (Allium sativum L.) and its effect on gill tissue of Persicus sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) fingerlings. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 30(6): 915-922. - Cai, Y., Wang, R., An, M.M., Liang, B.B. and Fang, Y., 2008. In-vitro bacteriocidal activity of allicin combined with ceefoperazone, tobramycin and ciprofloxacin. International Journal of Antimicrob Agents, 31(2): 179-180. - Caturla, N., Perez-fons, L., Estepa, A. and Micol, V., 2005. Differential effect of oleuropein, a biophenol from Olea europaea, on anionic and zwiterionic phospholipid model membranes. Chemistry and Physics Lipids Journal, 137: 2-17. - Fazlollahzadeh, F., Keramati, K., Nazifi, S., Shiriani, S. and Seifi, S., 2011. Effect of garlic on hematological parameters and plasma activaties of ALT and AST of Rainbow trout intempreture stress. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(9): 84-90. - Finney, D.J., 1971. Statistical Methods in Biological Assay. Hafner Publishing Company, New York, 688p. - Ghazanfari, T., Hassan, Z.M. and Khamesipour, A., 2006. Enhancement of peritoneal macrophage phagocytic activity against Leishmania major by garlic (Allium sativum) treatment. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 103(3): 333-337. - Han, J., Lawson, L., Han, G. and Han, P., 1995. A spectrophotometric method for quantitative determination of allicin and total garlic thiosulfinates. Biochemical Journal, 225: 157-160. - Kazemipour, J., Rashai M. and Kiwani, Y., 2004. Qualitative comparison of the effect of garlic and chamomile extract on the removal of surface wounds of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Pajouhesh & Sazandegi, 66: 93-97. - Koch, H.P. and Lawson, L.D., 1996. Garlic: The Science and Therapeutic Application of Allium sativum L. and Related Species. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 329p. - Lee, O.H. and Lee, B.Y., 2010. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of individual and combined phenolic in Olea europaea leaf extract. Bioresource Technology Journal, 101(10): 3751-3754. - Lee-Huang, S., Zhang, L., Lin Huang, P., Young-Tae, C. and Huang, P., 2003. Anti-HIV activity of olive leaf extract (OLE) and modulation of host cell gene expression by HIV-1 infection and OLE treatment. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications Journal, 307: 1029-1032. - Markin, D., Duek, L. and Berdicevsky, I., 2003. - Micol, V., Caturla, N., Peterz, L. and Mas, V., 2005. The olive leaf extract exhibits antiviral activity against haemorrhagic septicemia rhabdovirus (VHS). Antiviral Rresearch Journal, 66: 129-136. - Mirsattari, A., 2002. Principles of Poisoning. University of Tehran, 220p. - Moatari, A., Nekooeian, A. and Motamedifard, M., 2006. The anti-influenza virus activity of hydroalcoholic extract of olive leaves. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 2(3): 163-168. - Ndong, D. and Fall, J., 2011. The effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on growth and immune responses of hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis aureus). Journal of Clinical Immnunology and Immunopathology Research, 3: 1-9. - Razavi, S.M., Azizzadeh, B. and Rahimi, H., 2006. An investigation on antiviral effect of Garlic extract on herpes simplex virus via cell culture. Journal of Dental Medicine Shaid Beheshti Universit, 24(1): 86-93. - Rees, L.P., Minney, S.F., Plummer, N.T., Slater, J.H. and Skyrme, D.A., 1993. A quantitative assessment of the antimicrobial activity of garlic (Allium sativum). World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 9(3): 303-307. - Sahandi, J., Gholipour-Kanani, H. and Taheri, A., 2012. Influence of garlic (Allium sativum) and mother worth (Matricaria chamomilla) extract on Ichthyophtiriasis multifilus parasite treatment in sail fin molly (Poecilia latipinna) ornamental fish. Global Veterinaria, 9(3): 362-366. - Sanders, G.E., Batts, W.N. and Winton, J.R., 2003. Susceptibility of zebra fish (Danio rerio) to a model pathogen, spring viraemia of carp virus. Comparative Medicine Journal, 53(5): 21-514. - Sattari, M., Shahsooni, D. and Shafiei, Sh., 2003. Systematic Fisheries (2). Haghshenas Publishing, 502p. - Shalaby, A.M., Khattab, Y.A. and Abdolrhahman, A.M., 2006. Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) and chloramphenicol on growth performance, physiological parameters and survival of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Disease, 12(2): 172-201. - Siddique, Y.H., Beg, T., Ara, G., Gupta, J. and Afzal, M., 2010. Antigenotoxic effect of allicin against estradio-17beta-induced genotoxic damage in cultured mammalian cells. National Product Research Journal, 24(12): 1087-1094. - Sowjanya, B.L., Devi, K.R. and Madhavi, D., 2009. Modulatory effect of garlic extract against the cyclophosphamide induced genotoxicity in human lymphocytes in-vitro. Journal of Environmental Biology, 30(5): 663-666. - Suntar, I.P., Akkol, E.K. and Baykal, T., 2010. Assessment of anti inflammatory and antiiciceptic activities of Olea europaea L. Journal of Medicine of Food, 13(2): 352-356. - Syngai, G.G., Dey, S. and Bharali, R., 2016. Evaluation of toxicity levels of the aqueous extract of Allium sativum and its effects on the behavior of Juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758). Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 9(3): 417-421. - Tekieh, E., Moghadam Kia, S., Eidi, A., Taghizad Farid, R., Ferdosi, R. and Zaringhalam, J., 2012. Investigation on the anti-inflamatory and analgesic effect of Olea europaea L. metanolic extract on male NMRI mouse. Iranian South Medical Journal, 1: 13-23. - TRC, 1984. O.E.C.D. Guideline for Testing of Chemicals, Section 2. Effects on Biotic Systems: 1-39. - Tsubura, A., Lai, Y.C., Kuwata, M., Uehara, N. and Yoshizawa, K., 2011. Anticancer effect of garlic and garlic-drived compounds for breast cancer control. Anticancer Agents Medicinal Chemical Journal, 11(3): 249-253. - Vosoughi, Gh.H. and Mostajer, B., 2009. Freshwater Fish. Tehran University Press, 317p. - Waag, T., Gelhaus, C., Rath, J., Stich, A., Leippe, M. and Schirmeister, T., 2010. Allicin and derivates are cysteine protease inhibitors with antiparasitic activity. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters Jouranl, 15(18): 5541-5543. - Waterman, E. and Lockwood, B., 2007. Active compomemts and clinical application of olive oil. Alternative Medicine Review Jouranl, 12(4): 331-342. - Woodward, P.W., 1996. Garlic and Friends: The History, Growth and Use of Edible Alliums. Hyland House, 248p. - Zaher, K.S., 2007. In-vitro studies on the antiviral effect of olive leaf against infectious Laryngotracheitis virus. Global Veterinaria Jouranal, 1(1): 24-30. - Zargari, A., 1996. Medicinal Plants (Vol. 3). Tehran University Press and Publishing, 930p. - Zaslaver, M., Offer, S. and Kerem, Z., 2005. Natural compounds derived from foods modulate nitric oxide production and oxidative status in epithelial lung cells. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53: 9934-9939. - Zhang, Y., Yao, H.P., Huang, F.F., Wu, W., Gao, Y. and Chen, Z.B., 2008. Allicin, a major component of garlic, inhibits apoptosis in vital organs in rats with trauma/hemorrhagic shock. Critical Care Medicine Journal, 36(12): 3226-3232. | ||
|
Statistics Article View: 1,330 PDF Download: 843 |
||
Journal management system. designed by sinaweb