Application of Medicinal Plants in Poultry Nutrition

1. Ciftci M, Guler T, Dalkilic B, Nihat Ertas O. The Effect of Anise Oil (Pimpinella anisum L.) On Broiler Performance. Int J Poult Sci. 2005;4:851-855.

2. Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999;12:564-582.

3. Al-Dabbas MM, Al-Ismail K, Taleb RA, Ibrahim S. Acid-Base Buffering Properties of Five Legumes and Selected Food in vitro. American J Agric & Biol Sci. 2010;5:154-160.

4. Ashayerizadeh A, Dastar B, Shams Shargh M, Ashayerizadeh A, Rahmatnejad E, Hessaini SMR. Use of Garlic (Allium sativum), Black Cumin seeds (Nigella sativa L.) and Wild Mint (Mentha longifolia) in broiler chicken diets. J Anim Vet Adv. 2009; 9:1860-1863.

5. Windisch W and Kroismayr A. The effects of phytobiotics on performance and gut function in monogastrics.  In: Schatzmayr, G. (Ed.), World Nutrition Forum: The Future of Animal Nutrition, September 07th-8th, 2006;Vienna, 85-90; ISBN: 1-904761-49-6.

6. Wang R, Li D, Bourne S. Can 2000 years of herbal medicine history help us solve problems in the year 2000? Biotechnology in the feed industry: Proceedings of Alltech's14th Annual Symposium, Kentucky, USA. 1998; 273-291.

7. Xing XL. A comparative study on the effects of different Chinese herbal medicinal feed additives in broiler chickens. 2004; Accessed in 2006. 

8. Hooge D. Dietary alternatives for improving live performance of antibiotic-free poultry. Accessed in 2006. www.feedinfo.com. 2004b.

9. Jang IS, Ko YH, Kang SY, Lee CY. Effect of a commercial essential oil on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and intestinal microflora population in broiler chickens. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2007;134: 304-315.

10. Zhang KY, Yan F, Keen CA, Waldroup PW. Evaluation of micro-encapsulated essential oils and organic acids in diets for broiler chickens. Int J Poult Sci. 2005;4:612-619.

11. Cross DE, McDevitt RM, Hillman K, Acamovic T. The effect of herbs and their associated essential oils on performance, dietary digestibility and gut microflora in chickens from 7 to 28 days of age. Br Poult Sci. 2007;4:496-506.

12. Hernandez F, Madrid J, Garcia V, Orengo J, Megias MD. Influence of two plant extracts on broilers performance, digestibility, and digestive organ size. Poult Sci. 2004;83:169-174.

13. Giannenas I, Florou-Paneri P, Papazahariadou M, Christaki E, Botsoglou NA, Spais AB. Effect of dietary supplementation with oregano essential oil on performance of broilers after experimental infection with Eimeriatenella. Arch Anim Nutr. 2003;57:99-106.

14. Lee KW, Everts H, Kappert HJ, Vanderkuilen J, Lemmens AG, Frehner M, Beynen AC. Growth performance, intestinal viscosity, fat digestibility and plasma cholesterol in broiler chickens fed a rye-containing diet without or with essential oil components. Int J Poult Sci. 2004b;3:613-618.

15. Mitsch P, Kohler B, Gabler C, Losa R, Zitterl-Eglseer K. CRINA poultry reduces colonization and proliferation of Clostridium perfringens in the intestine and faeces of broiler chickens. Abstracts from the Eleventh European Poultry Conference. 2002; pp.06-10, Bremen, Germany.

16. Jang SI, Jun M, Lillehoj HS, Dalloul RA, Kongmn IK, Kim S, Min W. Anticoccidial effect of green tea-based diets against Eimeria maxima. Vet. Parasitol. 2007; 144:172-175.

17. Garcia V, Catala-Gregori P, Hernandez F, Megias MD, Madrid J. Effect of formic acid and plant extracts on growth, nutrient digestibility, intestine mucosa morphology, and meat yield of broilers. J Appl Poult Res. 2007; 16:555-562.

18. Adibmoradi M, Navidshad B, Seifdavati J, Royan M. Effect of dietary garlic meal on histological structure of small intestine in broiler chickens. J Poult Sci. 2006;43: 378-383.

19. Qureshi, AA, Abuirmeileh N, Din ZZ, Elson CE, Burger WC. Inhibition of cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis in liver enzymes and chicken hepatocytes by polar fractions of garlic. Lipids. 1983; 18: 343-348.

20. Demir E, Sarica S, Ozcan MA, Suicmez M. The use of natural feed additives for an antibiotic growth promoter in broiler diets. Br Poult Sci. 2003; 44:44-45.

21. Olobatoke RY, Mulugeta SD. Effect of dietary garlic powder on layer performance, fecal bacteria load, and egg quality. Poult Sci. 2011;90:665-670.

22. Choi IH, Park WY, Kim YJ. Effects of dietary garlic powder and -tocopherol supplementation on performance, serum cholesterol levels, and meat quality of chicken. Poult Sci. 2010; 89:1724-1731.

23. El-Alphy TS, Fatatry EL, Toama MA. Isolation and assignment of an antimicrobial principle from the volatile of Nigella sativa seeds. Phamazia. 1975;30:109-111.

24. Houghton PJ, Zarka R, Delas HB, Hoult JRS. Fixed oil of Niglla sativa and derived thymoquinone lipid peroxidation. Planta Medica. 1995;1:33-36.

25. Harzallah HJ, Kouidhi B, Flamini G, Bakhrouf A, Mahjoub T. Chemical composition, antimicrobial potential against cariogenic bacteria and cytotoxic activity of Tunisian Nigella Sativa essential oil and thymoquinone. Food Chem. 2011;129:1469-1474.

26. Toghyani M, Toghyani M, Gheisari A, Ghalamkari G, Mohammadrezaei M. Growth performance, serum biochemistry and blood hematology of broiler chicks fed different levels of black seed (Nigella Sativa) and peppermint (Mentha piperita). Livest Sci. 2010;129:173-178.

27. Khan SH, Ansari J, Ahsan UH, Ghulam A. Black cumin seeds as phytogenic product in broiler diets and its effects on performance, blood constituents, immunity and caecal microbial population. Ital J Anim Sci. 2012; 11:438- 444.

28. Sogut H, Inci H, Ozdimir G. Effect of supplemented Black cumin (Nigella sativa) on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broilers. J Anim Vet Adv. 2012;11:2480-2484.

29. Sagdic O, Kuscu A, Ozcan M, Ozcelik S. Effects of Turkish spice extracts at various concentrations on the growth of Escherichia coliO157:H7. Food Microbiol. 2002;19:473-480.

30. Shetty RS, Singhal RS, Kulkarni PR. Antimicrobial properties of cumin. World J Poult & Biotechnol. 1994;10:232-233.

31. Muthamma Milan KS, Dholakia H, Kaul Tiku P, Vishveshwaraiah P. Enhancement of digestive enzymatic activity by cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) and role of spent cumin as a bionutrient. Food Chem. 2008;110:678-683.

32. Platel K, Srinivasan K. Influence of dietary spices and their active principles on pancreatic digestive enzymes in albino rats. Die Nahrung. 2000;44:42-46.

33. Platel K, Srinivasan K. Influence of dietary spices or their active principles on digestive enzymes of small intestinal mucosa in rats. Intr J Food Sci Nutr. 1996;47:55-59.

34. amakrishna R, Platel K, Srinivasan K.  2003. In vitro influence of spices and spice-active principles on digestive enzymes of rat pancreas and small intestine. Die Nahrung. 2003;47:408-412.

35. Platel K, Srinivasan K. Studies on the influence of dietary spices on food transit time in experimental rats. Nutr Res. 2001;21:1309-1314.

36. Aami-Azghadi M, Golian A, Kermanshahi H, Sedghi M. Comparison of Dietary Supplementation with Cumin Essential Oil and Prebiotic Fermacto on Humoral Immune Response, Blood Metabolites and Performance of Broiler Chickens. Global Veterinaria. 2010;4:380-387.

37. Chopra R, Nayar SL, Chopra IC. Glossary of Indian medicinal plants. Council of Science Industry Research, New Delhi. 1986.

38. Younis YMH, Beshir MSH. Carvone- rich essential oils from Mentha longifolia (L.) huds. ssp. Schimperi Briq and Mentha spicata L. grown in Sudan. J Essen Oil Res. 2004;16:539-541.

39. Al-Ankari AS, Zaki MM, AI-Sultan SI. Use of habek mint (Mentha longifolio) in broiler chicken diets. Int J Poult Sci. 2004;3:629-634.

40. Ocak N, Erener G, Burak Ak F, Sungu M, Altop A, Ozmen A. Performance of broilers fed diets supplemented with dry peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) or thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) leaves as growth promoter source. Czech J Anim Sci. 2008;53:169-175.

41. Toghyani M, Toghyani M, Gheisari A, Ghalamkari G, Mohammadrezaei M. Growth performance, serum biochemistry and blood hematology of broiler chicks fed different levels of black seed (Nigella Sativa) and peppermint (Mentha piperita). Livest Sci. 2010;129:173-178.

42. Obi RK, Nwanebu FC, Ndubuisi UU, Orji NM. Antibacterial qualities and phytochemical screening of the oils of Curcubita pepo and Brassica nigra. J Med Plant Res. 2009;3:429-432.

43. Hajati H, Hassanabadi A, Waldroup PW. Effects of dietary supplementation with Pumpkin oil (Cucurbita pepo) on performance and blood fat of broiler chickens during Ffinisher period. American J Anim Vet Sci. 2011;1:40-44.

44. Vincent, H.V. Carvacrol and thymol reduce swine waste odour and pathogens stability of oils. Current Microbiology. 2002;44:38-43.

45. Aeschbach R, Loliger J, Scott BC, Muscia A, Butler J, Halliwell B. Antioxidant action of thymol, carvacrol, 6- ginerol, zinezerone and hydroxytyrosol. Food Chem Toxicol. 1994;32:31-36.

46. Basilico MZ, Basilico JC. Inhibitory effects of some spice essential oils on Aspergillus ochraceus NRRL 3174 growth and ochratoxin A production. Lett Appl Microbiol. 1999;29:238-241.

47. Twetman S, Peterson LG. Effect of different  chlorhexidine varnish regimens on mutant streptococci levels in interdental plaque and saliva. Caries Res. 1997;31:189-193.

48. Allen PC, Danforth HD, Augustine PC. Diet modulation of avian coccidiosis. Int J Parasitol. 1998;28:1131-1140.

49. Denil M, Okan F, Uluocak AN. Effect of dietary supplementation of herb essential oils on the growth performance, carcass and intestinal characteristics of quail. South Africa. J Anim Sci. 2004;3:174-179.

50. Aktug SE, Karapinar M. Sensitivity of some common food poisoning bacteria to thyme, mint and bay leaves. Intern. J Food Microbiol. 1986;3:349-354.

51. Marino M, Bersani C, Comi G. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Thymus vulgaris L. measured using a bioimpedometric method. J Food Prot. 1999;62:1017-1023.

52. Platel K, Srinivasan K. Digestive stimulant action of spices: A myth or reality? Indian J Med Res. 2004;119:167-179.

53. Hashemipour H, Kermanshahi H, Golian A, Veldkamp T. Effect of thymol and carvacrol feed supplementation on performance, antioxidant enzyme activities, fatty acid composition, digestive enzyme activities, and immune response in broiler chickens. Poult Sci. 2013;92:2059-2069.

54. Broadhurst CL, Polansky MM, Anderson RA. Insulin-like biological activity of culinary and medicinal plant aqueous extracts in vitro. J Agric Food Chem. 2000;48:849-852.

55. Kim NM, Kim YH. Effect of ethanol concentration on extraction of volatile components in cinnamon. Kor J Food Nutr. 2000;13:45-52.

56. Qin B, Nagasaki M, Ren M, Bajotto G, Oshida Y, Sato Y. Cinnamon extract (traditional herb) potentiates in vivo insulin-regulated glucose utilization via enhancing insulin signaling in rats. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2003;62:139-148.

57. Valero M, Salmeron MC. Antibacterial activity of 11 essential oils against Bacillus cereus in tyndallized carrot broth. Int J Food Microbiol. 2003;85:73-81.

58. Calucci L, Pinzino C, Zandomeneghi M. Effects of gamma-irradiation on the free radical and antioxidant contents in nine aromatic herbs and spices. J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51:927-934.

59. Su L, Yin JJ, Zhou DCK, Moore J, Yu L. Total phenolic contents, chelating capacities, and radical-scavenging properties of black peppercorn, nutmeg, rosehip, cinnamon and oregano leaf. Food Chem. 2007;100:990-997.

60. Chang ST, Chen PF, Chang SC. Antibacterial activity of leaf essential oils and their constituents from Cinnamomun osmophloeum. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;77:123-127.

61. Montes-Belmont, R., and M. Carvajal. Control of Aspergillus flavus in maize with plant essential oils and their components. J Food Prot. 1998;61:616-619.

62. Sang-Oh P, Chae-Min R, Byung-Sung P, Jong H. 2013. The meat quality and growth performance in broiler chickens fed diet with cinnamon powder. J Environ Biol. 2013;34:127-133.

63. Graziani R, Tosi G, Denti R. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Silva feed ENC on bacterial strains of poultry origin.Wrld Poult. Sci J. 2006; 62(Suppl.).

64. Li,Y., and G. Song. Study on bacteriostasis of chestnut shell extract. Chem Ind For Prod. 2004;24:61-64. (In Chinese)

65. Schiavone A, Guo K, Tassone S, Gasco L, Hernandez E, Denti R, Zoccarato I. Effects of a natural extract of Chest nut Wood on digestibility, performance traits, and nitrogen balance of broiler chicks. Poult Sci. 2008; 87:521-527.

66. Kamel C. Tracing modes of action and the roles of plant extracts in non-ruminants. In: Recent advances in animal nutrition. Garnsworthy PC, and Wiseman J, eds. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham. 2001;135-150.

67. Ehrich J, Bauermann U, Thomann R. Antimicrobial effect of CO2 spice extracts from summer savory to cinnamon. Lebensmitteltechnik. 1995;11:51-53.

68. Feng J, Lipton JM. 1987. Eugenol: Antipyretic activity in rabbits. Neuropharmacology. 2008;26:1775-1778.

69. Ghelardini C, Galeotti N, Di Csera Mannelli L, Mazzanti G, Bartolini A. Local anaesthetic activity of beta-caryophyllene. Farmaco. 2001;56:387-389.

70. Prasad NS, Raghavendra R, Lokesh BR, Naidu KA. Spice phenolics inhibit human PMNL 5-lipoxygenase. Prostaglandins, Lekotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids. 2004;70:521-528.

71. Kim SI, Yi JH, Tak JH, Ahn YJ. Acaricidal activity of plant essential oils against Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae). Veterinary Parasitology. 2004;120:297-304.

72. Dragland S, Senoo H, Wake K, Holte K, Blomhoff R. Several Culinary and Medicinal Herbs are Important Sources of Dietary Antioxidants. J Nutr. 2003;133:1286-1290.

73. Isabel B, Santos Y. Effects of dietary organic acids and essential oils on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. J Appl Poult Res. 2009;18: 472-476.

74. Dalkilic B, Guler T. The effects of Clove extract supplementation on performance and digestibility of nutrients in broilers. F. U. Sag Bil Vet Derg. 2009;3:161-166.

75. Wang Y, Mcallister TA, Newbold CJ, Rode LM, Cheeke PR, Cheng KJ. Effects of Yucca schidigera extract on fermentation and degradation of steroidal saponins in the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC). Anim Feed Sci Technol. 1998;74:143-153.

76. Oleszek W, Sitek M, Stochmal A, Burda S, Cheeke P. Saponin and phenolic constituents from Yucca schidigera bark (Abstr.). Page 31 in Saponins in Food, Feed stuff and Medicinal Plants. Inst Soil Sci Plant Cultivation, Pulawy Poland. 1999.

77. Barla P, Larsson K, Ljusberg-Wahren H, Norin T, Roberts K. Phase equilibria in a ternary system saponin sunflower oil monoglycerides–water; interactions between aliphatic and acyclic amphiphiles.J Sci Food Agric. 1979;30:864-868.

78. Southon S, Wright AJA, Price KR, Fairweather-Tait SJ, Fenwick GR. The effect of three types of saponin on iron and zinc absorption from a single meal in the rat. Br J Nutr. 1988;59:389-396.

79. Cheeke PR. Actual and potential applications of Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria saponins in human and animal nutrition. J Anim Sci. 2000;77:1-10.

80. Chen HL, Li BT, Zhang JY, Li DF, Chang BY, Xu LT. Research development on the immune modulatory effect of polysaccharide and its mechanism. Chin Pharmacol Bull. 2002;18:249-252.

81. Guo FC, Williams BA, Kwakkel RP, Li HS, Li XP, Luo JY, Li WK, Verstegen MWA. Effects of mushroom and herb polysaccharides, as alternatives for an antibiotic, on the cecal microbial ecosystem in broiler chickens. Poult Sci. 2004; 83:175-182.

82. Kong XF, Hu YL, Yin YL, Wu GY, Rui R, Wang DY, Yang CB. Chinese herbal ingredients are effective immune stimulators for chickens infected with the Newcastle disease virus. Poult Sci. 2006; 85:2169–2175.

83. Nie W, Zhang YX. Progress of the immune modulating effect of polysaccharides and their mechanisms. Chin Pharmacol Bull. 1999;15:484-487.

84. Jiang ZY, Yu L. Study on the effect of water soluble alfalfa polysaccharides on nutrition and immunity in broiler chickens. Feed Ind. 2005;26:15-16.

85. Zhao K, Li JX, Zhang HH, Guo DS, Jia BB, Wang SH, Zhang SJ. Studies on the effect of alfalfa polysaccharide on the immune efficacy of swine fever vaccine. J Henan Agric Univ. 2005;39:425-429.

86. Anderson JO. Effect of alfalfa saponin on the performance of chick sand laying hens. Poult Sci. 1957;36:873-876.

87. Heywang BW, Thompson CR, Kemmerer AR. Effect of alfalfa saponinon laying chickens. Poult Sci. 1959;38:968-971.

88. Malinow MR, Conner WE, McLaughlin P, Stafford C, Lin DS, Livingston AL, Kohler GO, McNulty WP. Cholesterol and bile acid balance in Macaca fascicularis effects of alfalfa saponins. J Clin Invest. 1981;67:156-162.

89. Ilsley SE, Miller HM, Kamel C. Effects of dietary quillaja saponin and curcumin on the performance and immune status of weaned piglets. J Anim Sci. 2005;83:82-88.

in monogastrics. Accessed in 2006. www.feedinfo.com.

90. Dakora FD. Plant flavonoids: Biological molecules for useful exploitation. J Plant Physiol. 1995;22:87-99.

91. Soni KB, Lahiri M, Chackradeo P, Bhide SV, Kuttan R. Protective effect of food additives on aflatoxin-induced mutagenicity and hepatocarcinogenicity.Cancer Lett. 1997;115:129-133.

92. Gowda NKS, Ledoux DR, Rottinghaus GE, Bermudez AJ, Chen YC. Efficacy of turmeric (Curcuma longa) and a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate to ameliorate the adverse effects of aflatoxin in broiler chicks. Poult Sci. 2008;87:1125-1130.

93. Daneshyar M, Alizadeh Ghandkanlo M, Sabzi Bayeghra F, Farhangpajhoh F, Aghaei M. Effects of dietary turmeric supplementation on plasma lipoproteins, meat quality and fatty acid composition in broilers. South Afric J Anim Sci.2011;41:420-428.

94. Shivappa Nayaka HB, Umakantha B, Wilfred Ruban S, Murthy HNN, Narayanaswamy HD. Effect of Neem, turmeric, vitamin E and their combinations on immune response in broilers. Global Veterinaria. 2012;4:486-489.

95. Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999;12:564-582.

96. Nasar-Abbas SM, Halkman AK. Antimicrobial effect of water extract of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) on the growth of some food borne bacteria including pathogens. Int J Food Microbiol. 2004;97:63-69.

97. Wetherilt H, Pala M. Herbs and spices indigenous to Turkey. In: Charalambous, G. (Ed.), Spices, Herbs and Edible Fungi. Development Food Sci. 1994;34:285-307.

98. Digrak M, Alma MH, Ilcim A. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of Turkish medicinal plants. Pharm Biol. 2001;39:346-350.

99. Zalacain A, Prodanov M, Carmona M, Alonso GL. Optimisation of extraction and identification of gallotannins from sumac leaves. Biosyst Eng. 2003;84:211-216.

100. Golzadeh M, Farhoomand P, Daneshyar M. Dietary Rhus coriaria L. powder reduces the blood cholesterol, VLDL-c and glucose, but increases abdominal fat in broilers. South Afric J Anim Sci. 2012;42:398-405.

101. Sharbati Alishah A, Daneshyar M, Aghazadeh A. The effect of dietary sumac fruit powder (Rhus coriaria L.) on performance and blood antioxidant status of broiler chickens under continuous heat stress condition. Ital J Anim Sci. 2013;12:39-43.

102. Rowan NJ, Smith JE, Sullivan R. Immunomodulatory activities of mushroom glucans and polysaccharide-protein complexes in animals and humans (A review). Int J Med Mushrooms. 2003;5:95-110.

103. Willis WL, Isikhuemhen OS, Ibrahim SA. Performance assessment of broiler chickens given mushroom extract alone or in combination with probiotics. Poult Sci. 2007;86:1856-1860.

104. Dubost N J, Ou B, Beelman RB. Quantification of polyphenols and ergothioneine in cultivated mushrooms and correlation to total antioxidant capacity. Food Chem. 2007;105:727-735.

105. Kasuga A, Aoyagi Y, Sugahara T. Antioxidant activity of fungus Suihs bovinus (L: Fr.) O. Kuntze. J Food Sci. 1995;60:1113-1115.

106. Akanmu, D., Cecchini R, Aruoma OI, Halliwell B. The antioxidant action of ergothioneine. Arch Biochem. Biophys. 1991;288:10-16.

107. Aruoma O I, Spencer JPE, Mahmood N. Protection against oxidative damage and cell death by the natural antioxidant ergothioneine. Food Chem Toxicol. 1999;37:1043-1053.

108. Chaudiere J, Ferrari-Iliou R. Intracellular antioxidants. From chemical to biochemical mechanisms. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1999;37:949-962.

109. Vetter J, Lelley J. Selenium level of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Acta Aliment. 2004;33:297-301.

110. Falandysz G. Selenium in edible mushrooms. J Environ Sci Health C 26:256-299.

111. Willis WL, Wall DC, Isikhuemhen OS, Ibrahim S, Minor RC, Jackson J, Hurley SL, Anike F. Effect of Different Mushrooms Fed to Eimeria-Challenged Broilers on Rearing Performance. Int J Poult Sci. 2012;11:433.

112. Willis WL, Wall DC, Isikhuemhen OS, Jackson JN, Ibrahim S, Hurley SL, Anike F. Effect of level and type of mushroom on performance, blood parameters and natural Coccidiosis infection in floor-reared broilers. Open Mycol J. 2013;7:1-6.

113. Gladine C, Morand C, Rock E, Bauchart D, Du-rand D. Plant extracts rich in polyphenols (PERP) are efficient antioxidants to prevent lipoperoxidation in plasma lipids from animals fed n-3 PUFA supplemented diets. Anim. Feed Sci Technol. 2007;136:281-296.

114. Salah N, Miller N, Paganga G, Tijburg L. Polyphenolic flavanols as scavengers of aqueous phase radicals and as chain-breaking antioxidants. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1995;322:339-346.

115. Gronbaek M, Deis A, Sorensen TIA, Becker U, Schnohr P, Jensen G. Mortality associated with moderate intakes of wine, beer, or spirits. BMJ. 1995;310:1165-1169.

116. Knekt P, Kumpulainen J, Jarvinen R, Rissanen H, Heliovaara M, Reunanen A, Hakulinen T, Aromaa A. Flavonoid intake and risk of chronic diseases. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002; 76:560-568.

117. Wang SP, Huang KJ. Determination of flavonoids by high performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr. A. 2004; 1032:273-279.

118. Bagchi D, Bagchi M, Stohs JS, Das KD, Ray SD, Kuszynski CA, Joshi SS, Pruess HG. Free radical and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract: Importance in human health and disease prevention. Toxicology. 2000; 148:187–197.

119. Rapport L, Lockwood B. Proanthocyanidins and grape seed extract. Pharm J. 2001; 266:581-584.

120. Shi J, Yu J, Pohorly JE, Kakuda Y. Polyphenolics in grape seeds—biochemistry and functionality. J Med Food. 2003;6:291-299.

121. Bate-Smith EC, Swain T. Flavonoid compounds, In: Mason HS, Florkin AM (eds.) Comparative biochemistry. Academic Press, New York. 1962;705-809.

122. Cos P, De-Bruyne N, Hermans S, Apers D, Berghe V, Vlietink AJ. Proanthocyanidins in health care current and new trends. Curr Med Chem. 2003;10:1345-1359.

123. Shimada K, Watanabe H, Hosoda K, Takeuchi K, Yoshikawa J. Effect of red wine on coronary flow velocity reserve. Lancet. 1999;254:1002.

124. Yamakoshi J, Kataoka S, Koga T, Ariga T. Proanthocyanidin-rich extract from grape seeds attenuates the development of aortic atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Atherosclerosis. 1999;142:139-149.

125. Guo FC, Suo X, Zhang GZ, Shen JZ. Efficacy of decoquinate against sensitive laboratory strains of Eimeria tenella and field isolates of Eimeria spp in broiler chickens in China. Vet Parasitol. 2007;147:239-245.

126. Georgieva NV, Koinarski V, Gadjeva V. Anti-oxidant status during the course of Eimeria tenella infection in broiler chickens. Vet J. 2006;172:488-492.

127. Allen PC, Lydon J, Danforth HD. Effects of components of Artemisia annua on coccidia infections in chickens. Poult Sci. 1997;76:1156-1163.

128. Allen PC. Production of free radical species during Eimeria maxima infections in chicken. Poult Sci. 1997; 76:814–821.

129. Jang SI, Jun M, Lillehoj HS, Dalloul RA, Kongmn IK, Kim S, Min W. Anticoccidial effect of green tea-based diets against Eimeria maxima. Vet Parasitol. 2007;144:172-175.

130. Brenes A., Viveros A, Goni I, Centeno C, Saura-Calixto F, Arija I. Effect of grape seed extract on growth performance, protein and polyphenol digestibilities, and antioxidant activity in chickens. Span J Agric Res. 2010;8:326-333.

131. Hughes R J, Brooker JD, Smyl C. Growth rate of broiler chickens given condensed tannins extracted from grape seed. Aust Poult Sci Symp. 2005;17:65-68.

132. Lau DW, King AJ. Pre and post-mortem use of grape seed extract in dark poultry meat to inhibit development of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51:1602-1607.

133. Liu XF, Xia YN, Fang Y. Effect of metal ions on the interaction between bovine serum albumin and berberine chloride extracted from a traditional Chinese herb coptis chinensis franch. J Inorg Biochem. 2005;99:1449-1457.

134. Liu XD, Jang A, Lee BD, Lee K, Lee M, Jo C. Effect of Dietary inclusion of medicinal herb extract mix in a poultry ration on the physico-chemical quality and oxidative stability of eggs. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci. 2009; 3:421-427.

135. Kim SY, Gao JJ, Lee WC, Ryu KS, Lee KR, Kim YC. Antioxidative flavonoids from the leaves of Morus alba. Arch Pharm Res. 1999;22:81-85.

136. Nomura T, Fukai T, Katayanagi M. Studies on the constituents of the cultivated mulberry tree. III. Isolation of four new flavones, kuwanon A, B, C and oxydihydromorusin from the root bark of Morus alba L. Chem Pharm Bull. (Tokyo). 1978;26:1453-1458.

137. Lee EJ, Chae OH, Lee MS, Lee HK, Huh H. Purification of anti-allergic compound from Mori Cortex Radicis extract. Yakhak Hoechi. 1998;42:395-402.

138. Hikino H, Mozuno T, Oshima Y, Konno C. Validity of the oriental medicines. 80. Antidiabetes drugs. 4. Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of moran A, a flycoprotein of Morus alba root barks. Planta Med. 1985;2:159-160.

139. Jang A, Liu XD, Shin MH, Lee BD, Lee SK, Lee JH, Jo C. Antioxidative potential of raw breast meat from broiler chicks fed a dietary medicinal herb extract mix. Poult Sci. 2008;87:2382-2389.

140. Suh SC, Cho SG, Hong JH, Choi YH. Extraction characteristics of flavonoids from Lonicera flos by supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (SF-CO2) with CO solvent. Korean J Food Sci Technol. 2005;37:183-188.