محصول فرعی پسته به‌عنوان یک خوراک علوفه‌ای در تغذیه نشخوارکنندگان - یک مقاله مروری (بخش اول: ذخیره‌سازی، ترکیبات شیمیایی، مصرف خوراک، عملکرد و قابلیت هضم)

Bagheripour, E., Rouzbehan, Y. and Alipour. D. (2012) Chemical composition and digestibility of ensiled pistachio by-products. XVI International Silage Conference. Hämeenlinna, Finland. PP: 238- 239.

Bagheripour, E., Rozbehan, Y. and Alipour. D. (2008) Effect of ensiling, air-drying and addition of polyethylene glycol on in vitro gas production of pistachio by-products. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 146: 327-336.

Behgar, M., Ghasemi, S., Naserian, A.A., Borzoie, A. and Fatollahi, H. (2011) Gamma radiation effects on phenolics, antioxidants activity and in vitro digestion of pistachio (Pistachia vera) hull. Rad. Phys. Chem., 80: 963-967.

Bohluli, A., Naserian, A.A., Valizadeh, R. and Eftekhar Shahrodi, F. (2009) The effects of pistachio by-product on apparent digestibility, chewing activity and performance of early lactation Holstein cows diets. J. Agric. Sci. Natur. Resour., 13: 155-165. (In Persian)

Bohluli, A. and Naserian, A.A. (2007) The chemical composition and ruminal disappearance of pistachio by-product constituents. Proceedings of the 2^nd congress on animal and aquatic science. PP: 250-254. (In Persian)

Dayani, O., Sharifee Hossaini, M.M. and Mohebi, A. (2009) Use of residues planting fiber in feeding of ruminants. Kerman Farhangi Press, Kerman. (In Persian)

Domingue, B.M.R., Dellow D.R. and Barry, T.N. (1991) The efficiency of chewing during eating and ruminating in goats and sheep. Br. J. Nutr., 65: 355-363.

Doster, M.A. and Michailides, T.J. (1994) Aspergillus moulds aflatoxin in Pistachio nuts in California. Phytopathology. 84: 6-10.

Dreher, M.L. (2012) Pistachio nuts: composition and potential health benefits. Nutr. Rev., 70: 234-240.

Ebadi, Z., Mahdavi, A., Aghashahi, A.R., Mirhadi, S.A., Moosavi, S.F. and Sami, K. (2008) Survey of different levels of pistachio by-product on physical and chemical characteristic of Afshari lamb’s meat. Proceedings of the 3^th congress on animal and aquatic science. (In Persian)

Fazaeli, H. (2007) Nutritive value of dried pistachio by product in sheep. Proceedings of the 2^nd congress on animal and aquatic science. PP: 722-725. (In Persian)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2012) Agricultural production stats. Retrieved 25 March, 2015, from http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageI D=567#ancor

Frough Ameri, N. and Fazaeli, H. (1996) Use of residual of pistachio after de-hulling in fed of livestock in Kerman province. Final report of research project. Agriculture and natural resource research center of Kerman. (In Persian)

Frutos, P., Hervas, G., Giraldez, F.J. and Mantecon, A.R. (2004) Review. Tannins and ruminant nutrition. Spanish J. Agr. Res., 2(2): 191-202.

Frydrych, Z. (1992) Intestinal digestibility of rumen undegraded protein of various feeds as estimated by the mobile bag technique. Anim. Feed Sci.Technol., 37: 161-172.

Ghaffari, M.H., Tahmasbi, A.M., Khorvash, M., Naserian, A.A., Ghaffari, A.H. and Valizade, R. (2014a) Effects of pistachio by-products in replacement of alfalfa hay on populations of rumen bacteria involved in biohydrogenation and fermentative parameters in the rumen of sheep. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nut., 98: 578-586.

Ghaffari, M.H., Tahmasbi, A.M., Khorvash, M., Naserian, A.A. and Vakili, A.R. (2014b) Effects of pistachio by-products in replacement of alfalfa hay on ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites, and milk fatty acid composition in Saanen dairy goats fed a diet containing fish oil. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 42: 186-193.

Ghasemi, S., Naserian, A.A., Valizadeh, R., Tahmasebi, A.M., Vakili, A.R., Behgar, M. and Ghovvati, S. (2012a) Using pistachio hulls as a replacement for alfalfa hay in the diet of sheep causes a shift in the rumen cellulolytic bacterial population. Small Rum. Res., 104: 94-98.

Ghasemi, S., Naserian, A.A., Valizadeh, R., Tahmasebi, A.M., Vakili, A.R., Behgar, M. (2012b) Effects of pistachio by-product in replacement of Lucerne hay on microbial protein synthesis and fermentative parameters in the rumen of sheep. Anim. Prod. Sci., 52: 1052-1057.

Ghasemi, S., Naserian, A.A., Valizadeh, R., Tahmasebi, A.M., Vakili, A.R. and Behgar, M. (2012c) The effects of NaOH, urea, Gamma radiation and PEG (Poly Ethylene Glycol) on gas production and estimated microbial protein synthesis of pistachio hull in vitro. Proceedings of the 5^th congress on animal and aquatic science. 807-811. (In Persian)

Gholizadeh, H., Naserian, A.A., Valizadeh, R. and Tahmasebi, A.M. (2010) Effect of feeding pistachio byproduct on performance and blood metabolites in Holstein dairy cows. International J. Agric. Biological, 12: 867-870.

Grasser, L.A., Fadel, J.G., Garnet, I. and DePeters, E.J. (1995) Quantity and economic importance of nine selected by-products used in California dairy rations. J. Dairy Sci. 78: 962-971.

Hajalizadeh, Z., Dayani, O., Tahmasbi, R. and Khezri, A. (2014) Evaluation of chemical composition of pistachio pulp silage and its effect on feed intake, rumen fermentation characteristics and blood parameters in sheep. Anim. Sci. Res., 24 (3): 81- 94. (In Persian)

Halvorsen, B.L., Carlsen, M.H., Phillips, K.M., Bøhn, S.K., Holte, K., Jacobs, Jr D.R. and Blomhoff, R. (2006) Content of redox-active compounds (i.e., antioxidants) in food consumed in the United States. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 84: 95-135.

Hashami, O., Naserian, A.A., Valizadeh, R. and Tahmasebi, A.M. (2008). Effect of feeding pistachio by-product with two different of source starch on production and composition of milk in Holstein dairy cows. Proceedings of the 3^th congress on animal and aquatic science. (In Persian)

Hashemian, K., Alizadeh, A.R., Naserian, A.A. and Salimi, M. (2012) Nutritive merits of several varieties of pistachio hull produced at Zaranidieh, Saveh in animal nutrition. Proceedings of the 5^th congress on animal and aquatic science. PP: 396-400. (In Persian)

Jones, G.A., McAllister, T.A., Cheng, K.J. and Muir, A.D. (1994) Effect of sainfoin (Onobrychris viciifolia Scop) condensed tannins on growth and proteolysis by 4 strains of rumen bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60: 1374-1378.

Leinmüller, E., Steingass, H. and Menke, K.H. 1991. Tannins in ruminant feedstuffs. Biannual Collection of Recent German Contributions Concerning Development through Animal Research, 33: 9-62.

Mahdavi, A., Zaghari, M., Zahedifar, M., Nikkhah, A. and Aghashahi, A.R. (2008a) The effect of different feeding levels of dried pistachio epicarp on fattening performance of Afshari lamb breed of Iran. J. Agric. Sci. Natur. Resour. 15(5): 252-263. (In Persian)

Mahdavi, A., Zaghari, M., Zahedifar, M., Nikkhah, A., Alami, F., Aghashahi, A.R. and Hossaini, S.A. (2008b) Nutritive value, dry matter and crude protein degradability of pistachio by-product and its comparison with alfalfa and wheat straw. Proceedings of the 3^th congress on animal and aquatic science. (In Persian)

Makkar, H.P.S., Blummel, M. and Becker, K. (1995) In vitro effects of and interactions between tannins and saponins and fate of tannins in the rumen. J. Sci. Food Agric., 69: 481-493.

Makkar, H.P.S. and Becker, K. (1998) Adaptation of cattle to tannins: role of protein-rich proteins in oak-fed cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 67: 277-281.

Makkar, H.P.S. (2003) Effects and fate of tannins in ruminant animals, adaptation to tannins and strategies to overcome detrimental effects of feeding tannin rich feeds. Small Rumin. Res., 49: 241-256.

McDonald, P., Henderson, A.R. and Heren, S.J.E. (1991) The biochemistry of silage. 2^nd ed. chalcombePub. Abersyth. U. K.

McLeod, M.N. (1974). Plant tannins .Their role in forage quality. Nutr. Abst. Rev., 44: 803-812.

McSweeney, C.S., Kenndy, P.M. and John, A. (1988) Effect of ingestion of hydrolysable tannins in Terminalia oblongata on digestion in sheep fed Stylosanthes hamata. Aust. J. Agr. Res. 39: 235-244.

Min, B.R., Barry, T.N., Attwood, G.T. and McNabb, W.C. (2003) The effect of condensed tannins on the nutrition and health of ruminants fed fresh temperate forages: A review. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 106: 3-19.

Mirheidari, A., Rouzbehan, Y. and Fazaeli, H. (2009) The effect of dried pistachio by-product on ruminal parameters and the performance of Rayini goats. Iranian J. Anim. Sci., 40 (1): 77- 83. (In Persian)

Mokhtarpour, A., Naserian, A.A., Tahmasbi, A.M. and Valizadeh, R. (2012a) Effect of feeding pistachio by-products silage supplemented with polyethylene glycol and urea on Holstein dairy cows performance in early lactation. Lives. Sci., 148: 208-213.

Mokhtarpour, A., Naserian. A.A., Valizadeh, R. and Tahmasbi, A.M. (2012b) Effect of feeding pistachio by-products silage supplemented with polyethylene glycol and urea on gas production and Holstein dairy cows performance. Iranian J. Anim. Sci. Res., 4 (1): 55-62. (In Persian)

Mueller-Harvey, I. and Mc Allan, A.B. (1992) Tannins: their biochemistry and nutritional properties. Adv. Plant Cell Biochem. Biotechn., 1: 151-217.

Murdiati, T. B., McSweeney, C.S. and Lowry, J.B. (1992) Metabolism in sheep of gallic acid, tannic acid and hydrolysable tannin from Terminalia oblongata. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 43: 1307-1319.

Naserian, A.A., Staples, C.R. and Ghaffari. M.H. (2015) Effects of replacing wheat bran by pistachio skins on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, milk yield, milk composition and blood metabolites of dairy Saanen goats. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nut., DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12362.

Norouzian, M.A. and Ghiasi, S.E. (2012) Carcass performance and meat mineral content in Balouchi lamb fed pistachio by-products. Meat Sci., 92: 157-159

Rahimi, A., Naserian, A.A., Valizadeh, R., Tahmasebi, A.M. and Shahdadi, A.R. (2013) Effects of pistachio by-products in replacement of alfalfa hay on feed consume, digestibility, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites and nitrogen balance of male Baluchi sheep. Iranian J. Anim. Sci. Res., 5(3): 190-200. (In Persian)

Rezaeenia, A., Naserian, A.A., Valizadeh, R. and Tahmasbi, A.M. (2012) Effect of using different levels of pistachio by-products silage on composition and blood parameters of Holstein dairy cows. African J. Biotech., 11: 6192-6196.

Rice-Evans, C.A., Miller, N.J. and Paganga, G. (1996) Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 20: 933-956.

Salehi, A., Yousef Elahi, M., Mirzai, H.R., Haghparvar, R. and Masumi, M. (2014). Study of ensiling two varieties of Pistachio by-products in Khorasan province by method in situ. Proceedings of the 6^th congress on animal and aquatic science. PP 76-80. (In Persian)

Scalbert, A. (1991) Antimicrobial properties of tannins. Phytochemistry, 30: 3875-3883.

Schofield, P., Mbugua, D.M. and Pell, A.N. (2001). Analysis of condensed tannins: a review. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech., 91: 21-40.

Sedighi-Vesagh, R., Naserian, A.A., Ghaffari, M.H. and Petit, H.V. (2014). Effects of pistachio by-products on digestibility, milk production, milk fatty acid profile and blood metabolites in Saanen dairy goats. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nut., DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12233.

Shakeri, P. and Fazaeli, H. (2007). Study on the use of different levels of pistachio by-product in diets of fattening lambs. Iranian J. Agric. Sci., 38:3. 529-534. (In Persian)

Shakeri, P. (2013) Evaluating chemical composition, digestibility and nutritive value of dried and silaged pistachio by- product in ruminant nutrition. Ph.D. Thesis in Animal Science. Isfahan University of Technology, 189P. (In Persian)

Shakeri, P., Riasi, A., Alikhani, M., Fazaeli, H. and Ghorbani, G.R. (2013). Effects of feeding pistachio by-products silage on growth performance, serum metabolites and urine characteristics in Holstein male calves. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nut., 97: 1022-1029.

Shakeri, P., Riasi, A., Alikhani, M., (2014a) Effects of long period feeding pistachio by-product silage on chewing activity, nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation parameters of Holstein male calves. Animal. 8(11): 1826-1831.

Shakeri, P., Riasi, A., Hashemzadeh, F. and Madahian, A. (2014b) Nutritional value and fermentability of sun dried and ensiled pistachio by-products, using gas production technique. Proceedings of the 5^th congress on animal and aquatic science. (In Persian)

Shakeri, P., Aghashahi, A.R., Mostafavi, H. and Mirzaee, M. (2015a) [v1] Effects of ensiling pistachio by-products on ruminal fermentation and methane emission mitigation using in vitro method. Anim. Sci. J. (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi), 106: 43-54. (In Persian)

Shakeri, P., M. Rezaei, S.A. Mirhadi. (2015b) Effects of ensiling on nutrient value and some physical and chemical parameters in Pistachio by-products. J. Anim. Prod., 1 (17): 59-70. (In Persian)

Shakeri, P. (2016) Pistachio by-product as an alternative forage source for male lambs: Effects on performance, blood metabolites, and urine characteristics. J. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 211: 92-99.

Silanikove, N., Perevolotsky, A. and Provenza, F.D. (2001) Use of tannin-binding chemicals to assay for tannins and their negative post-ingestive effects in ruminants. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 91: 69-81.

Tilley, J.M.A. and Terry, R.A. (1963) A two stage technique for in vitro digestion of forage crops. J. Br. Grassl. Soc. 18: 104-111.

Vahmani, P., Naserian, A.A., Valizadea, R. and Nasiri Moghadam, H. (2006) Nutritive value of Pistachio by-products and their effects on Holstein cows in mid lactation. J. Agric. Sci. Technol., 20: 201-210.

Valizadeh, R., Naserian, A.A. and Vahmani, P. (2009) Influence of drying and ensiling pistachio by-products with urea and molasses on their chemical composition, tannin content and rumen degradability parameters. J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 8(11): 2363-2368.

Valizadeh, R., Norouzian, M.A., Salemi, M., Ghiasi, E. and Yari, M. (2010) Effects of feeding pistachio by-products on hematology and performance of Balochi lambs. J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 9: 1115-1119.

Van Egmond, H.P. (1989) Introduction, in mycotoxins in dairy products. London, Elsevier Appl. Sci., PP: 1-10.

Waghorn G.C., Shelton I.D. and McNabb, W.C. (1994) Effects of condensed tannins in Lotus pedunculatus on its nutritive values for sheep. 1. Non-nitrogenous aspects. J. Agr. Sci., 123: 99-107.

Yousef Elahi, M., Salehi A. and Salem, A.F.Z.M. (2012) Effect of molasses and polyethylene glycol on dry matter degradability of pistachio by products silage in cows. XVI International Silage Conference. Hämeenlinna, Finland. PP: 236-237.