The Changing Epidemiology of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection: The Associated Effects on the Incidence of Ocular Herpes

Ades, AE., Peckham, CS., Dale, GE., Best JM, J.S., 1989. Prevalence of antibodies to herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in pregnant women, and estimated rates of infection. The huma J Epidemiol Community Health., 1, pp.53–60.

Adhin, MR., Grunberg, MG., Labadie-Bracho, M., 2012. Incidence of Alpha-Herpes virus induced ocular disease in Suriname. J Med Virol, 12, Pp.1937–42.

Anne Scoular,D., 2002. Longitudinal study of genital infection by herpes simplex virus type 1 in western Scotland over 15 years. BMJ, 7350, pp.1366–1367.

Arseven, G., Tuncel, E., Tuncel, S., Sonmez, E., 1992. Distribution of HSV- 1 and HSV-2 antibodies in pregnant women [in Turkish. Mikrobiyol Bul, 26, pp.359–66.

Ashley, RL., Dalessio, J., Dragavon, J., Koutsy, LA., Lee, FK., Nahmias, AJ., Stens, CE., Holmes, KK., C.L., 1993. Underestimation of HSV-2 seroprevalence in a high-risk population by microneutralization assay. Sex Transm Dis, 4.

Barron, BA., Gee, L., Hauck, WW., Kurinij, N., Dawson, CR., Jones, DB., Wilhelmus, KR., Kaufman, HE., Sugar, J., Hyndiuk, RA., et al, 1994. Herpetic Eye Disease Study. A controlled trial of oral acyclovir for herpes simplex stromal keratitis. Ophthalmology., 12, pp.1871–82.

Becker, TM., Lee, F., Daling, JR., 1996. Seroprevalence of and risk factors for antibodies to herpes simplex viruses, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C among southwestern Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women. Sex Transm Dis, 23, pp.138–44.

Benedetti, J., Corey, L., 1994. Recurrence rates in genital herpes after symptomatic first-episode infection. Ann Intern Med, 11, pp.847–54.

Bernstein, DI., Bellamy, AR., Hook, EW., 3rd, Levin, MJ., Wald, A., Ewell, MG., Wolff, PA., Deal, CD., Heineman, TC., Dubin, G., 2012. Epidemiology, clinical presentation, and antibody response to primary infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in young women. , 3, pp.344–51.

Beswick, T.S., 1962. The origin and the use of the word herpes. Medical history, 6, pp.214–32..

Bhattarakosol, P., Visaprom, S., Sangdara, A., 2005. Increase of genital HSV-1 and mixed HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection in Bangkok, Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai, pp.300–4.

Bradley, H., Markowitz, LE., Gibson, T, M.G., 2013. Seroprevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2--United States, 1999-2010. J Infect Dis.

Branco, BC., Gaudio PA, M.T., 2004. Epidemiology and molecular analysis of herpes simplex keratitis requiring primary penetrating keratoplasty. Br J Ophthalmol., 10, pp.1285–8.

Brugha, R., Keersmaekers, K., Renton, A., 1997. Genital herpes infection: a review. Int J Epidemiol, 26, pp.698–709.

Buxbaum, S., Geers, M., Gross, G., Schöfer, H., Rabenau, HF., 2003. Epidemiology of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in Germany: what has changed? Med Microbiol Immunol., 3, pp.177–81.

Caldeira, TD., Gonçalves, CV., Oliveira, GR., Fonseca, TV., Gonçalves, R., Amaral CT, Hora VP, M.A., 2013. Prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 and risk factors associated with this infection in women in southern Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo, 5, pp.315–21.

Christenson, B., Böttiger, M., Svensson, A., 1992. A 15-year surveillance study of antibodies to herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in a cohort of young girls. J Infect., 2, pp.147–54.

Christie, SN., McCaughey, C., McBride, M., 1997. Herpes simplex type 1 and genital herpes in Northern Ireland. Int J STD AIDS, 1, pp.68–9.

Corey, L., Langenberg, AG., Ashley, R., Sekulovich, RE., Izu, AE., Douglas, JM Jr., Handsfield, HH., Warren, T., Marr, L., Tyring, S., DiCarlo, R., Adimora, AA., Leone, P., Dekker, CL., Burke, RL., Leong, WP., 1999. Recombinant glycoprotein vaccine for the prevention of genital HSV-2 infection: two randomized controlled trials. Chiron HSV Vaccine Study Group. JAMA, 4, pp.331–40.

Corey, L., Mindel, A., Fife, KH., Sutherland, S., Benedetti, J., 1985. Risk of recurrence after treatment of first-episode genital herpes with intravenous acyclovir. Sex Transm Dis, 4, pp.215–8.

Cowan, FM., French, RS., Mayaud, P., Gopal, R., Robinson, NJ., de Oliveira, SA., Faillace, T., Uusküla, A., Nygård-Kibur, M., Ramalingam, S., Sridharan, G., El Aouad, R., Alami, K., Rbai, M., Sunil-Chandra, NP, B.D., 2003. Seroepidemiological study of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in Brazil, Estonia, India, Morocco, and Sri Lanka. Sex Transm Infect, 4, pp.286–90.

Cowan,FM., 2000. Testing for type-specific antibody to herpes simplex virus--implications for clinical practice. J Antimicrob Chemother., pp.9–13.

Cowan, FM., Johnson, AM., Ashley, R., Corey, L., , 1996. Relationship between antibodies to herpes simplex virus (HSV) and symptoms of HSV infection. J Infect Dis., 3, pp.470–5.

Coyle, PV., O’Neill, HJ., Wyatt, DE., McCaughey, C., Quah, S., 2003. Emergence of herpes simplex type 1 as the main cause of recurrent genital ulcerative disease in women in Northern Ireland. J Clin Virol., 1, pp.:22–9.

Dawson,CR., 1984. Ocular herpes simplex virus infections. Clin Dermatol., 2, pp.56–66.

Darougar, S., Monnickendam, MA., 1989. Management and prevention of ocular viral and chlamydial infections. Crit Rev Microbiol., 5, pp.369–418.

Darougar, S., Wishart, MS., 1985. Epidemiological and clinical features of primary herpes simplex virus ocular infection. Br J Ophthalmol., 1, pp.2–6.

Douglas, RG Jr, C.R., 1970. A prospective study of chronic herpes simplex virus infection and recurrent herpes labialis in humans. J Immunol. 1970 Feb;104(2):289-95, 2, pp.289–95.

Elnifro, EM., Cooper, RJ., Klapper, PE., Bailey, AS., 1999. Diagnosis of viral and chlamydial keratoconjunctivitis: which laboratory test? Br J Ophthalmol, 5, pp.622–7.

Engelberg, R., Carrell, D., Krantz, E., Corey, L., 2003. Natural history of genital herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. Sex Transm Dis, 2, pp.174–7.

Fageeh,WM., 2013. Sexually transmitted infections among patients with herpes simplex virus at King Abdulaziz University Hospital. BMC Res Notes, p.31;6:301.

Ghebrekidan, H., Rudén, U., Cox, S., Wahren, B., 1999. Prevalence of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, cytomegalovirus, and varicella-zoster virus infections in Eritrea. J Clin Virol., 1, pp.53–64.

Gibson, JJ., Hornung, CA., Alexander, GR., Lee, FK., Potts, WA., 1990. A cross-sectional study of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in college students: occurrence and determinants of infection. J Infect Dis., 2, pp.306–12.

Gilbert, M., Li, X., Petric, M., Krajden, M., Isaac-Renton, JL., Ogilvie, G., 2011. Using centralized laboratory data to monitor trends in herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 infection in British Columbia and the changing etiology of genital herpes. Can J Public Health, 3, pp.225–9.

Kieff, E., et al., 1972. Genetic relatedness of type 1 and type 2 herpes simplex viruses. Journal of virology, 9(5), pp.738–45.

Kinghorn,GR., 1994. Epidemiology of genital herpes. J Int Med Res, p.14A–23A.

Kinghorn,GR., 1996. Limiting the spread of genital herpes. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl., 100, pp.20–5.

Labetoulle, M., Auquier, P., Conrad, H., Crochard, A., Daniloski, M., Bouée, S El., Hasnaoui, A., 2005. Incidence of herpes simplex virus keratitis in France. Ophthalmology, 112(5), pp.888–95.

Lafferty, WE., Coombs, RW., Benedetti, J., Critchlow, C., 1987. Recurrences after oral and genital herpes simplex virus infection. Influence of site of infection and viral type. N Engl J Med, 23, pp.1444–9.

Lafferty, WE., Downey, L., Celum, C., 2000a. Herpes simplex virus type 1 as a cause of genital herpes: impact on surveillance and prevention. Infect Dis. 2000, 4, pp.1454–7.

Lafferty, WE., Downey, L., Celum, C., 2000b. Herpes simplex virus type 1 as a cause of genital herpes: impact on surveillance and prevention. J Infect Dis., 4, pp.1454–7.

Lafferty, WE., Hughes, JP., 1997. Sexually transmitted diseases in men who have sex with men. Acquisition of gonorrhea and nongonococcal urethritis by fellatio and implications for STD/HIV prevention. Sex Transm Dis., 5, pp.272–8.

Langenberg, AG., Corey, L., Ashley, RL., Leong, WP., 1999. A prospective study of new infections with herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2. Chiron HSV Vaccine Study Group. N Engl J Med., 19, pp.1432–8.

Lee, SY., Pavan-Langston,.D., 1994. Role of acyclovir in the treatment of herpes simplex virus keratitis. Int Ophthalmol Clin., 3, pp.9–18.

Liesegang, TJ., Melton, LJ. 3rd, Daly, PJ., 1989. Epidemiology of ocular herpes simplex. Incidence in Rochester, Minn, 1950 through 1982. Arch Ophthalmol., 8, pp.1155–9.

Liesegang,TJ., 1999. Classification of herpes simplex virus keratitis and anterior uveitis. Cornea., 2, pp.127–43.

Liesegang,TJ., 2001. Herpes simplex virus epidemiology and ocular importance. . Cornea., 1, pp.1–13.

Löwhagen, GB., Tunbäck, P., Andersson, K., Bergström, T., 2000. First episodes of genital herpes in a Swedish STD population: a study of epidemiology and transmission by the use of herpes simplex virus (HSV) typing and specific serology. Sex Transm Infect., 3, pp.179–82.

Mindel, A., Weller, IV., Faherty, A., Sutherland, S., Fiddian, AP., 1986. Acyclovir in first attacks of genital herpes and prevention of recurrences. Genitourin Med, 1, pp.28–32.

Mortensen, KK., Sjølie,A., 1979. Keratitis dendritica. An epidemiological investigation. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh)., 5, pp.750–4.

Nahmias, AJ., Lee, FK., 1990. Sero-epidemiological and -sociological patterns of herpes simplex virus infection in the world. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl., 69, pp.19–36.

Nesburn, AB., Willey, DE., 1983. Effect of intensive acyclovir therapy during artificial reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med., 3, pp.316–23.

Nilsen, A., Myrmel,H., 2000. Changing trends in genital herpes simplex virus infection in Bergen, Norway. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand., 8, pp.693–6.

Norn,MS., 1970. Dendritic (herpetic) keratitis. I. Incidence--seasonal variations--recurrence rate--visual impairment--therapy. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh)., 1.

Patterson, A., 1967. The management of ocular herpes. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K., pp.59–84.

Pereira,FA.E., 1996. Herpes simplex: evolving concepts.e. J Am Acad Dermatol, 35, pp.503–20; quiz 521–2.

Pereira, VS., Moizeis, RN., Fernandes, TA., Araújo, JM., Meissner, RV., 2012. Herpes simplex virus type 1 is the main cause of genital herpes in women of Natal, Brazil. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 2, pp.190–3.

Perng, GC., Dunkel, EC., Geary, PA., Slanina, SM., Ghiasi, H., Kaiwar, R., Nesburn, AB., 1994. The latency-associated transcript gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is required for efficient in vivo spontaneous reactivation of HSV-1 from latency. J Virol., 12, pp.8045–55.

Pramod, NP., Rajendran, P., Kannan, KA., 1999. Herpes simplex keratitis in South India: clinico-virological correlation. Jpn J Ophthalmol., 4, pp.303–7.

Reading, R., Hughes, G., Hill, J., 2011. Genital herpes in children under 11 years and investigations for sexual abuse. Arch Dis Child, 8, pp.752–7.

Reeves, WC., Corey, L., Adams, HG., Vontver, LA., 1981. Risk of recurrence after first episodes of genital herpes. Relation to HSV type and antibody response. N Engl J Med, 6, Pp.315–9.

Ribes, JA., Steele, AD., Seabolt, JP., 2001. Six-year study of the incidence of herpes in genital and nongenital cultures in a central Kentucky medical center patient population. J Clin Microbiol, 9, Pp.3321–5.

Ross, JD., Smith, IW., 1993. The epidemiology of herpes simplex types 1 and 2 infection of the genital tract in Edinburgh 1978-1991. Genitourin Med., 5, pp.381–3.

Safrin, S., 1992. Management of patients following successful healing of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus infection. Res Virol., 143, pp.125–6.

Smith, JS., Robinson,N., 2002. Age-specific prevalence of infection with herpes simplex virus types 2 and 1: a global review. J Infect Dis, pp.1:S3–28.

Smith, JS., Rosinska, M., Trzcinska, A., Pimenta, JM., Litwinska, B., Siennicka,J., 2006. Type specific seroprevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 in four geographical regions of Poland. Sex Transm Infect, 2, pp.159–63.

Solomon, L., Cannon, MJ., Reyes, M., Graber, JM., Wetherall, NT., Reeves, W., 2003. Epidemiology of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2. Sex Transm Infect. 2003 Dec;79(6):456-9., 6, pp.456–9.

Stanberry, L., Cunningham, A., Mertz, G., Mindel, A., Peters, B., Reitano, M., Sacks, S., Wald, A., Wassilew, S., Woolley, P., 1999. New developments in the epidemiology, natural history and management of genital herpes. . Antiviral Res, 1, pp.1–14.

Stewart, JA., Reef, SE., Pellett, PE., Corey, L.,  Whitley, R., 1995. Herpesvirus infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis., 1, pp.S114–20.

Tayal, SC., Pattman,R., 1994. High prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 in female anogenital herpes simplex in Newcastle upon Tyne 1983-92. Int J STD AIDS., 5, pp.359–61.

Thompson,C., 2000. Genital herpes simplex typing in genitourinary medicine: 1995-1999. Int J STD AIDS., 8, pp.501–2.

Tran, T., Druce, JD., Catton, MC., Kelly, H., Birch,C., 2004. Changing epidemiology of genital herpes simplex virus infection in Melbourne, Australia, between 1980 and 2003. Sex Transm Infect., 4, pp.277–9.

Umene, K., Sakaoka,H., 1999. Evolution of herpes simplex virus type 1 under herpesviral evolutionary processes. Arch Virol, 4, Pp.637–56.

Vyse, AJ., Gay, NJ., Slomka, MJ., Gopal, R., Gibbs, T., Morgan-Capner, P., Brown,D., 2000. The burden of infection with HSV-1 and HSV-2 in England and Wales: implications for the changing epidemiology of genital herpes. Sex Transm Infect, 3, Pp.183–7.

Wagner, HU., Van Dyck, E., Roggen,E., 1994. Seroprevalence and incidence of sexually transmitted diseases in a rural Ugandan population. Int J STD AIDS, 5, Pp.332–7.

Wald, A., Zeh, J., Selke, S., Ashley, RL., Corey,L., 1995. Virologic characteristics of subclinical and symptomatic genital herpes infections. N Engl J Med, 12, pp.770–5.

Weiss,,H., 2004. Epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type

 2 infection in the developing world. Herpes, p.24A–35A.

Whitley, RJ., Kimberlin, DW., Roizman,B., 1998. Herpes simplex viruses. Clin Infect Dis, 3, pp.541–53.

Xu, F., Schillinger, JA., Sternberg,M., 2002. Seroprevalence and coinfection with herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in the United States, 1988–1994. J Infect Dis, 185, Pp.1019–24.